Psychologists and Therapists in Balgownie, NSW

Photo of Janine Coombs, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Janine Coombs
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Balgownie, NSW 2519
I work with adults who feel stuck in patterns such as anxiety, depression, addictive behaviours, and ongoing challenges with health and wellbeing. You may feel like you’ve tried to make changes but keep falling back into the same cycles, or that life is not aligning with what matters most to you. With over 20 years of experience, I support people to take meaningful, sustainable steps toward change and a life that feels more aligned with their values.
I work with adults who feel stuck in patterns such as anxiety, depression, addictive behaviours, and ongoing challenges with health and wellbeing. You may feel like you’ve tried to make changes but keep falling back into the same cycles, or that life is not aligning with what matters most to you. With over 20 years of experience, I support people to take meaningful, sustainable steps toward change and a life that feels more aligned with their values.
(02) 4214 4477 View (02) 4214 4477
Photo of Felicity Kyngdon, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Felicity Kyngdon
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Balgownie, NSW 2519
Life is rarely straightforward, and people’s experiences are often layered and complex. Along the way, we encounter challenges that can lead to growth, renewed energy, and hope — and others that can leave us feeling stuck, disconnected, or as though life is moving on without us. These experiences can be deeply confronting and, over time, may erode a person’s sense of confidence, autonomy, and emotional energy. They can affect how we function at work, at home, and in our relationships, or remain hidden beneath the surface, often accompanied by feelings of shame or self-doubt.
Life is rarely straightforward, and people’s experiences are often layered and complex. Along the way, we encounter challenges that can lead to growth, renewed energy, and hope — and others that can leave us feeling stuck, disconnected, or as though life is moving on without us. These experiences can be deeply confronting and, over time, may erode a person’s sense of confidence, autonomy, and emotional energy. They can affect how we function at work, at home, and in our relationships, or remain hidden beneath the surface, often accompanied by feelings of shame or self-doubt.
(02) 4214 8705 View (02) 4214 8705
Photo of Alix Ringbauer, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Alix Ringbauer
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Balgownie, NSW 2519
My approach is warm, genuine, relaxed and empathic and I place strong emphasis on building meaningful therapeutic relationships with clients, believing that feeling safe, understood and respected is the foundation for meaningful change. I provide therapy for a range of psychological and emotional needs for children, families, youth and adults.
My approach is warm, genuine, relaxed and empathic and I place strong emphasis on building meaningful therapeutic relationships with clients, believing that feeling safe, understood and respected is the foundation for meaningful change. I provide therapy for a range of psychological and emotional needs for children, families, youth and adults.
(02) 4210 5503 View (02) 4210 5503
Photo of Tiana Sparacino, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Tiana Sparacino
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Balgownie, NSW 2519
I work with adolescents and adults who may be feeling overwhelmed, emotionally exhausted, stuck in unhelpful patterns, or struggling with anxiety, trauma, relationship difficulties, self-esteem concerns and life transitions. I have experience working with Medicare, private, DVA and WorkCover clients, including current and former first responders, defence personnel and frontline workers.
I work with adolescents and adults who may be feeling overwhelmed, emotionally exhausted, stuck in unhelpful patterns, or struggling with anxiety, trauma, relationship difficulties, self-esteem concerns and life transitions. I have experience working with Medicare, private, DVA and WorkCover clients, including current and former first responders, defence personnel and frontline workers.
(02) 4214 8076 View (02) 4214 8076
Photo of Johanna Meyer - Inner Calm Clinical Psychology, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Inner Calm Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Balgownie, NSW 2519
Are you seeking a way to address a low mood that just won't shift or anxiety that rules your life? Maybe you have experienced trauma in your life or struggle to establish or maintain close relationships? Inner Calm Clinical Psychology provides effective treatment that is evidence-based and is tailored specifically for YOU. We create a relationship of trust and collaboration so you can grow and develop the skills and tools so you can lead a life that is balanced and meaningful. We are about working intensively with you over a short period of time and then gradually stepping away as you grow so you don't do therapy for years.
Are you seeking a way to address a low mood that just won't shift or anxiety that rules your life? Maybe you have experienced trauma in your life or struggle to establish or maintain close relationships? Inner Calm Clinical Psychology provides effective treatment that is evidence-based and is tailored specifically for YOU. We create a relationship of trust and collaboration so you can grow and develop the skills and tools so you can lead a life that is balanced and meaningful. We are about working intensively with you over a short period of time and then gradually stepping away as you grow so you don't do therapy for years.
(02) 9159 6616 View (02) 9159 6616
Photo of Adam Ryan Park - Adam Park - Trauma & Attachment Therapist, Counsellor, ACA-L2
I work with many people who are trying to move beyond the impacts of trauma, who have struggled with intrusive memories, nightmares, and physical symptoms and the inability to feel safe or who feel that they don't have worth. I also help people with attachment issues, people experiencing difficulties in their relationships, people dealing with grief, loss and bereavement, or who are going through health or life role transitions such as chronic illness or a divorce.
I work with many people who are trying to move beyond the impacts of trauma, who have struggled with intrusive memories, nightmares, and physical symptoms and the inability to feel safe or who feel that they don't have worth. I also help people with attachment issues, people experiencing difficulties in their relationships, people dealing with grief, loss and bereavement, or who are going through health or life role transitions such as chronic illness or a divorce.
(03) 7003 2762 View (03) 7003 2762
Photo of Angela Campbell - Angela Petrolo, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Angela Petrolo
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Balgownie, NSW 2519
Hi, I'm Angela, I have over 20 years of experience and work with people who are navigating complex mental health challenges, such as complex trauma, grief and loss, relationship issues, chronic illness, menopause, addiction, anxiety and depression. I work towards creating a safe and supportive space where you feel heard and understood. I approach each session with compassion, and I try to be as practical as possible to help you to gain increased awareness and clarity to allow you to move forward with strength and resilience.
Hi, I'm Angela, I have over 20 years of experience and work with people who are navigating complex mental health challenges, such as complex trauma, grief and loss, relationship issues, chronic illness, menopause, addiction, anxiety and depression. I work towards creating a safe and supportive space where you feel heard and understood. I approach each session with compassion, and I try to be as practical as possible to help you to gain increased awareness and clarity to allow you to move forward with strength and resilience.
(02) 4214 8299 View (02) 4214 8299
Photo of Luke Lachlan Terrence Fullagar - Place Psychology, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Place Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Balgownie, NSW 2519
Hi, I'm Luke. I work with adults & late teens to recover from their symptoms & build a life full of meaning, safety, purpose & happiness. I work with a client-focussed & trauma-informed approach that seeks to affirm your inherent strengths & values, & considers you as the authority on your own life. I’m committed to psychological safety & work to maintain an inclusive environment for all identities & cultures. I affirm & validate the unique experiences that every person brings to their therapy & try to build a container of respect & dignity which is a dependable place for healing. I commit to your care for as long at it takes.
Hi, I'm Luke. I work with adults & late teens to recover from their symptoms & build a life full of meaning, safety, purpose & happiness. I work with a client-focussed & trauma-informed approach that seeks to affirm your inherent strengths & values, & considers you as the authority on your own life. I’m committed to psychological safety & work to maintain an inclusive environment for all identities & cultures. I affirm & validate the unique experiences that every person brings to their therapy & try to build a container of respect & dignity which is a dependable place for healing. I commit to your care for as long at it takes.
(02) 4210 5206 View (02) 4210 5206
Photo of Manuela Schmitten, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Manuela Schmitten
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I help navigate those seasons where life feels heavy, uncertain, or out of rhythm. My clients are often insightful and self-aware, but find themselves struggling to regulate emotions, hold boundaries, or find clarity in relationships or direction in life. My approach is warm and honest; Therapy with me often looks like gentle curiosity mixed with real-world conversations about what’s working, what isn’t, and what needs to shift. You won’t find jargon or endless nodding here! I ’ll meet you with compassion, ask thoughtful questions, and help you make sense of what’s underneath the patterns that keep you stuck.
I help navigate those seasons where life feels heavy, uncertain, or out of rhythm. My clients are often insightful and self-aware, but find themselves struggling to regulate emotions, hold boundaries, or find clarity in relationships or direction in life. My approach is warm and honest; Therapy with me often looks like gentle curiosity mixed with real-world conversations about what’s working, what isn’t, and what needs to shift. You won’t find jargon or endless nodding here! I ’ll meet you with compassion, ask thoughtful questions, and help you make sense of what’s underneath the patterns that keep you stuck.
(02) 4214 4652 View (02) 4214 4652
Photo of Sue White, Counsellor, PACFA
Sue White
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Feeling stuck and battling with issues that are stopping you from living the life you know is waiting for you? Why not work through those problems in a supported way to get to where you want to be. Perhaps you are overcoming grief, wanting help with an addiction, needing help with personal relationships or wanting to build confidence, overcome anxiety and step out into the world feeling positive and calm. I'm here to help you in a non judgmental and inclusive way to overcome barriers and move forward.
Feeling stuck and battling with issues that are stopping you from living the life you know is waiting for you? Why not work through those problems in a supported way to get to where you want to be. Perhaps you are overcoming grief, wanting help with an addiction, needing help with personal relationships or wanting to build confidence, overcome anxiety and step out into the world feeling positive and calm. I'm here to help you in a non judgmental and inclusive way to overcome barriers and move forward.
(02) 4210 5759 View (02) 4210 5759
Photo of Samantha Pilcher, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Samantha Pilcher
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
As a clinical psychologist, I take a warm and curious approach to therapy, aiming to create a space where individuals can engage in thoughtful and reflective conversations that provide a platform for self-exploration, including understanding their fears and gradually breaking through repetitive patterns and cycles that prevent them from living the life they desire. My hope is that by gaining deeper insights into themselves, their relationships, and their needs, clients will feel empowered and confident to embrace their strengths and authentic self and ultimately navigate a path forward that feels right for them.
As a clinical psychologist, I take a warm and curious approach to therapy, aiming to create a space where individuals can engage in thoughtful and reflective conversations that provide a platform for self-exploration, including understanding their fears and gradually breaking through repetitive patterns and cycles that prevent them from living the life they desire. My hope is that by gaining deeper insights into themselves, their relationships, and their needs, clients will feel empowered and confident to embrace their strengths and authentic self and ultimately navigate a path forward that feels right for them.
(02) 4214 4538 View (02) 4214 4538
Photo of Ashleigh Rowe, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Ashleigh Rowe
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I am a Clinical Psychologist providing therapy to adolescents (15+) and adults in Wollongong or online Australia-wide.
I am a Clinical Psychologist providing therapy to adolescents (15+) and adults in Wollongong or online Australia-wide.
(02) 4210 5682 View (02) 4210 5682
Photo of Tracey Fairweather, Counsellor, PACFA
Tracey Fairweather
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Hello and welcome to your Counselling Therapist Tracey. I absolutely love my work in the helping profession and would be honoured to hear your story. At times our lives can be turned upside down or spiral out of control. We can feel overwhelmed, anxious and isolated not knowing how to manage these experiences. My aim as your therapist is to listen, support and walk along side you during these difficult times. I would assist in helping you find your inner strength to empower you on your journey to a more meaningful way of life.
Hello and welcome to your Counselling Therapist Tracey. I absolutely love my work in the helping profession and would be honoured to hear your story. At times our lives can be turned upside down or spiral out of control. We can feel overwhelmed, anxious and isolated not knowing how to manage these experiences. My aim as your therapist is to listen, support and walk along side you during these difficult times. I would assist in helping you find your inner strength to empower you on your journey to a more meaningful way of life.
(02) 4607 2752 View (02) 4607 2752
Photo of Melissa Bowyer, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Melissa Bowyer
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
Her Season Psychology provides a safe space for women in all seasons of life. We embrace perimenopause and beyond, where many women experience emotional and psychological shifts that can affect mood, motivation, energy, relationships and identity. We empower young women building self-esteem, managing emotions, exploring identity and careers. We foster nurturing support in the perinatal season, balancing expectations with self-care. Maybe you're questioning - Am I coping or burning out? Is this anxiety? Why do I feel flat? Could I be neurodivergent? Why am I feeling lost in my relationship, career, or role as a mother or carer?
Her Season Psychology provides a safe space for women in all seasons of life. We embrace perimenopause and beyond, where many women experience emotional and psychological shifts that can affect mood, motivation, energy, relationships and identity. We empower young women building self-esteem, managing emotions, exploring identity and careers. We foster nurturing support in the perinatal season, balancing expectations with self-care. Maybe you're questioning - Am I coping or burning out? Is this anxiety? Why do I feel flat? Could I be neurodivergent? Why am I feeling lost in my relationship, career, or role as a mother or carer?
(02) 4214 8096 View (02) 4214 8096
Photo of Karen Towers, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Karen Towers
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Towers Counselling is a creative & personal service which now specialises with children aged 4 to 13. I have over 30 years of experience with children and teenagers as a teacher. I am a clinical level counsellor & psychotherapist with 15 years of experience with clients from vulnerable backgrounds. I currently work in private practice. Children under the NDIS scheme who are self and plan-managed are able to access sessions. I am also an approved counsellor with Victims Services. Counselling for 22 hours or more can be applied for without a gap fee.
Towers Counselling is a creative & personal service which now specialises with children aged 4 to 13. I have over 30 years of experience with children and teenagers as a teacher. I am a clinical level counsellor & psychotherapist with 15 years of experience with clients from vulnerable backgrounds. I currently work in private practice. Children under the NDIS scheme who are self and plan-managed are able to access sessions. I am also an approved counsellor with Victims Services. Counselling for 22 hours or more can be applied for without a gap fee.
(02) 6189 2981 View (02) 6189 2981
Photo of Sara Oldfield, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Sara Oldfield
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Medicare, WorkCover and NDIS support! Sara is a compassionate Clinical Psychologist with more than 15 years of experience. Committed to providing high-quality care, backed by evidence based treatment and up to date research. Sara adopts a client-centered approach, tailoring treatment to individual's needs and goals. Her practice is informed by evidence-based methods, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Medicare, WorkCover and NDIS support! Sara is a compassionate Clinical Psychologist with more than 15 years of experience. Committed to providing high-quality care, backed by evidence based treatment and up to date research. Sara adopts a client-centered approach, tailoring treatment to individual's needs and goals. Her practice is informed by evidence-based methods, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR).
(02) 4214 4479 View (02) 4214 4479
Photo of Sharon Wallace - Core Counselling Services, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Core Counselling Services
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Serves Area
Have you experienced past trauma or think you might have some attachment issues? I help clients address problems in a positive way by helping to clarify the issues, increase self-awareness, empower, explore options and develop strategies . I am an experienced Trauma and attachment Counsellor. I provide a safe place to be heard and feel valued. I help clients question things which can help them understand why they occur at a deeper level, and provide practical tools so they feel inspired to create the change they're looking for. ​​
Have you experienced past trauma or think you might have some attachment issues? I help clients address problems in a positive way by helping to clarify the issues, increase self-awareness, empower, explore options and develop strategies . I am an experienced Trauma and attachment Counsellor. I provide a safe place to be heard and feel valued. I help clients question things which can help them understand why they occur at a deeper level, and provide practical tools so they feel inspired to create the change they're looking for. ​​
(02) 4214 8086 View (02) 4214 8086

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Chelsea Ho, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Chelsea Ho
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Chelsea is a warm and empathic psychologist. As therapy can be a vulnerable but rewarding experience, Chelsea brings compassion, curiosity, and humour where appropriate to create a safe space to explore your experiences. Chelsea is trained in providing therapy for a range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, stress, psychosis, eating disorders, and trauma. She has particular interest and training in working with adolescents and adults with eating disorders.
Chelsea is a warm and empathic psychologist. As therapy can be a vulnerable but rewarding experience, Chelsea brings compassion, curiosity, and humour where appropriate to create a safe space to explore your experiences. Chelsea is trained in providing therapy for a range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, stress, psychosis, eating disorders, and trauma. She has particular interest and training in working with adolescents and adults with eating disorders.
(02) 8105 5269 View (02) 8105 5269
Photo of Emerson Nottingham, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Emerson Nottingham
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Online Only
I work across the lifespan. My practice focuses on helping people gain greater insight and overcome challenges in two main areas: I work with young people and adults who have experienced complex developmental trauma/family dysfunction and with people of all ages requiring psychoeducational and/or behavioural assessment. Complex trauma often shows up as anxiety, depression, (complex) PTSD, violence, family conflict and relationship difficulties - I work with individuals, couples and families dealing with these challenges.
I work across the lifespan. My practice focuses on helping people gain greater insight and overcome challenges in two main areas: I work with young people and adults who have experienced complex developmental trauma/family dysfunction and with people of all ages requiring psychoeducational and/or behavioural assessment. Complex trauma often shows up as anxiety, depression, (complex) PTSD, violence, family conflict and relationship difficulties - I work with individuals, couples and families dealing with these challenges.
(03) 4051 1990 View (03) 4051 1990
Photo of Rhyle Baker, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Rhyle Baker
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Shellharbour, NSW 2529
I am a registered psychologist with experience supporting people through a number of different concerns. I consider your needs, and aim to tailor therapy to be relevant to yourself. I am motivated to see people engage with their values, connect to the world around them, and build the action that contributes positively to life. It can be challenging to explore your current difficulties, so I appreciate the steps you have taken to better your life. I hope by working together with openness and respect, you might see the change you are after.
I am a registered psychologist with experience supporting people through a number of different concerns. I consider your needs, and aim to tailor therapy to be relevant to yourself. I am motivated to see people engage with their values, connect to the world around them, and build the action that contributes positively to life. It can be challenging to explore your current difficulties, so I appreciate the steps you have taken to better your life. I hope by working together with openness and respect, you might see the change you are after.
(02) 4210 5092 View (02) 4210 5092

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Balgownie, NSW

10+

Average cost per session

$220

Psychologists and Therapists in Balgownie, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
76% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
65% Relationship Issues
65% Stress
47% ADHD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Medicare Rebates
38% NDIS
25% Bupa

How Psychologists and Therapists in Balgownie, NSW see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Balgownie?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.