Psychologists and Therapists in Anna Bay, NSW

Photo of Elizabeth Berger - KEMB Consulting, Counsellor, PACFA
KEMB Consulting
Counsellor, PACFA
Anna Bay, NSW 2316
As an experienced counsellor, approved by Victim Support NSW, I bring a wide range of knowledge and practical solutions to the Life Circle issues that cause us to feel unsettled and confused. If you feel like that, I would love to help you find new ways to overcome those emotions and feelings, using them as your strengths for the future. Unpacking sad and hurtful experiences in a safe place can be the doorway to a new life. After working as a school counsellor and welfare worker in front-line services for many years, I am confident I am able to provide best practice strategies that will bring positive outcomes.
As an experienced counsellor, approved by Victim Support NSW, I bring a wide range of knowledge and practical solutions to the Life Circle issues that cause us to feel unsettled and confused. If you feel like that, I would love to help you find new ways to overcome those emotions and feelings, using them as your strengths for the future. Unpacking sad and hurtful experiences in a safe place can be the doorway to a new life. After working as a school counsellor and welfare worker in front-line services for many years, I am confident I am able to provide best practice strategies that will bring positive outcomes.
(08) 9932 3306 View (08) 9932 3306
Photo of Kate Mary Szymanski - Kate Szymanski Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Kate Szymanski Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Anna Bay, NSW 2316
You may be navigating a cancer diagnosis, recovering from illness, or dealing with anxiety, trauma, grief or a major life transition. Or you may be struggling at work on your way to burnout. On the outside you may be coping, but internally things can feel uncertain, overwhelming or exhausting. You might be looking for a place where you can talk openly about what you're facing, make sense of difficult emotions, and find steadier ways to move forward. Many people also want support adjusting to life after treatment or reconnecting with meaning and direction after a challenging experience.
You may be navigating a cancer diagnosis, recovering from illness, or dealing with anxiety, trauma, grief or a major life transition. Or you may be struggling at work on your way to burnout. On the outside you may be coping, but internally things can feel uncertain, overwhelming or exhausting. You might be looking for a place where you can talk openly about what you're facing, make sense of difficult emotions, and find steadier ways to move forward. Many people also want support adjusting to life after treatment or reconnecting with meaning and direction after a challenging experience.
(03) 5909 9339 View (03) 5909 9339

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Gabriel Heaton, Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Gabriel Heaton
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Waratah, NSW 2298
I have experience working with a broad range of concerns from everyday stressors to mood disturbance, anxiety, grief, substance concerns, neurodivergence, trauma, personality vulnerabilities and other complex mental health disorders. I value fostering a collaborative supportive atmosphere where curiosity can develop in order to understand and mobilise present strengths and values in meeting life. I have an interest in how our early experience and relationships inform who we are, and how we relate to others now.
I have experience working with a broad range of concerns from everyday stressors to mood disturbance, anxiety, grief, substance concerns, neurodivergence, trauma, personality vulnerabilities and other complex mental health disorders. I value fostering a collaborative supportive atmosphere where curiosity can develop in order to understand and mobilise present strengths and values in meeting life. I have an interest in how our early experience and relationships inform who we are, and how we relate to others now.
(02) 4077 0514 View (02) 4077 0514
Photo of Stephanie Casson, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Stephanie Casson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Hamilton, NSW 2303
I am a clinical psychologist who works with a range of psychological and emotional concerns. I specialise in working with anxiety, stress, depression, and relationship issues. I have a particular interest in working with young people and adults who are experiencing eating disorders. I strongly believe that with supportive, effective, and personalised intervention, people living with eating disorders can experience a full recovery.
I am a clinical psychologist who works with a range of psychological and emotional concerns. I specialise in working with anxiety, stress, depression, and relationship issues. I have a particular interest in working with young people and adults who are experiencing eating disorders. I strongly believe that with supportive, effective, and personalised intervention, people living with eating disorders can experience a full recovery.
(02) 4005 2828 View (02) 4005 2828
Photo of Lauren Freele - Lauren Freele Psychology , Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Lauren Freele Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Lauren uses a person centered approach to therapy, meaning she places importance on getting to know you, your needs, and your strengths before tailoring they style of therapy to suit the individual. Lauren works with individuals and couples for all issues, specifically interpersonal relationship issues, trauma, and an array of mental health diagnosis.
Lauren uses a person centered approach to therapy, meaning she places importance on getting to know you, your needs, and your strengths before tailoring they style of therapy to suit the individual. Lauren works with individuals and couples for all issues, specifically interpersonal relationship issues, trauma, and an array of mental health diagnosis.
(02) 4005 2831 View (02) 4005 2831
Photo of James McArthur-Appleby - Transformative Therapy Australia, Psychotherapist, MA
Transformative Therapy Australia
Psychotherapist, MA
Serves Area
Hi, I am James. If you are a young person or man concerned about yourself or a loved one I can help. The young people I have helped came to me suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship issues, domestic violence, OCD and ADHD tendencies and low self-esteem. The men I have helped came to me suffering from the effects of domestic violence used against them, relationship issues, grief, trauma, life crisises and a loss of purpose. When you see me you can expect to truly feel heard, gain helpful insights and perspectives that reduce your suffering and learn strategies that help you manage your wellbeing. Call me today to book.
Hi, I am James. If you are a young person or man concerned about yourself or a loved one I can help. The young people I have helped came to me suffering from anxiety, depression, relationship issues, domestic violence, OCD and ADHD tendencies and low self-esteem. The men I have helped came to me suffering from the effects of domestic violence used against them, relationship issues, grief, trauma, life crisises and a loss of purpose. When you see me you can expect to truly feel heard, gain helpful insights and perspectives that reduce your suffering and learn strategies that help you manage your wellbeing. Call me today to book.
(02) 5503 9202 View (02) 5503 9202
Photo of Tracy Anne Mackander - Vibe and Thrive Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Vibe and Thrive Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Salamander Bay, NSW 2317
My ideal client is someone who may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected — someone who knows they want something to change in their life but isn’t quite sure how to begin. They may be navigating anxiety, grief, low self-worth, relationship or family conflict, or simply struggling with the weight of everyday life. Often, they have spent a lot of time “keeping it all together” for others and are now starting to recognise the need to prioritise themselves. Their goals may vary — some want to feel less anxious, others want to heal from past trauma, strengthen relationships, or rediscover their sense of identity.
My ideal client is someone who may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected — someone who knows they want something to change in their life but isn’t quite sure how to begin. They may be navigating anxiety, grief, low self-worth, relationship or family conflict, or simply struggling with the weight of everyday life. Often, they have spent a lot of time “keeping it all together” for others and are now starting to recognise the need to prioritise themselves. Their goals may vary — some want to feel less anxious, others want to heal from past trauma, strengthen relationships, or rediscover their sense of identity.
(03) 6155 0006 View (03) 6155 0006
Photo of Lisa S - True Being, Counsellor
True Being
Counsellor
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Lisa - my work explores the ways stress and trauma affect the mind-body system. Nervous system dysregulation induced by trauma or accumulative stress often underlies many diagnostic conditions. I aim to help you restore greater regulation while providing a compassionate, attuned relational container for self exploration and growth. During the process I offer a complimentary course of practical tools and mind-body education that support trauma healing, stress management and self-regulation in an embodied and nervous-system informed way.
Hi, I’m Lisa - my work explores the ways stress and trauma affect the mind-body system. Nervous system dysregulation induced by trauma or accumulative stress often underlies many diagnostic conditions. I aim to help you restore greater regulation while providing a compassionate, attuned relational container for self exploration and growth. During the process I offer a complimentary course of practical tools and mind-body education that support trauma healing, stress management and self-regulation in an embodied and nervous-system informed way.
0430 054 086 View 0430 054 086
Photo of Sarah Cox, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Sarah Cox
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I believe everyone has the potential for growth and change given the right support. I place a strong emphasis on creating a respectful and safe space to explore your presenting concerns and will work with you towards creating meaningful change. I draw on techniques from a range of evidence-based practices, seeing therapy as an opportunity to utilise and build upon each client’s existing skills and strengths. Seeing a Clinical Psychologist, allows you to access a Medicare rebate of $145.25 with a Mental Health Care Plan from you GP (gap $104.75). Feel free to phone or email me with any questions you may have.
I believe everyone has the potential for growth and change given the right support. I place a strong emphasis on creating a respectful and safe space to explore your presenting concerns and will work with you towards creating meaningful change. I draw on techniques from a range of evidence-based practices, seeing therapy as an opportunity to utilise and build upon each client’s existing skills and strengths. Seeing a Clinical Psychologist, allows you to access a Medicare rebate of $145.25 with a Mental Health Care Plan from you GP (gap $104.75). Feel free to phone or email me with any questions you may have.
0493 744 872 View 0493 744 872
Photo of David Robert Baker - Seeds for Growth, Social Worker, AMHSW
Seeds for Growth
Social Worker, AMHSW
Maitland, NSW 2320
If you have been Impacted by the trauma of family violence, relationship breakdown, anger, work related issues or just life's challenges, it helps to talk through it with someone else and get your life back. Once we understand our reactions, we can better understand how to respond in a healthier way. Some people only need a couple of sessions or for others it could be an ongoing partnership. Whatever brings you to counselling, I am focused on your needs and will work with you in a way that is most appropriate for you.
If you have been Impacted by the trauma of family violence, relationship breakdown, anger, work related issues or just life's challenges, it helps to talk through it with someone else and get your life back. Once we understand our reactions, we can better understand how to respond in a healthier way. Some people only need a couple of sessions or for others it could be an ongoing partnership. Whatever brings you to counselling, I am focused on your needs and will work with you in a way that is most appropriate for you.
(02) 4075 7991 View (02) 4075 7991
Photo of Daniel Wendt - Oracle Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Oracle Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Newcastle, NSW 2300
Mr Daniel Wendt is the Principal Clinical Psychologist and Director of Oracle Psychology. His qualifications in both Education and Psychology offer a unique combination of expertise which is well suited to assisting children and young people. We also assist adults and practice across the lifespan. Oracle Psychology's clinicians are registered with the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA) and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). They have extensive experience working with children, teenagers and adults. Our staff are passionate about the wellbeing of individuals in Newcastle, the Hunter and Central Coast.
Mr Daniel Wendt is the Principal Clinical Psychologist and Director of Oracle Psychology. His qualifications in both Education and Psychology offer a unique combination of expertise which is well suited to assisting children and young people. We also assist adults and practice across the lifespan. Oracle Psychology's clinicians are registered with the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA) and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). They have extensive experience working with children, teenagers and adults. Our staff are passionate about the wellbeing of individuals in Newcastle, the Hunter and Central Coast.
(02) 4077 2916 View (02) 4077 2916
Photo of Sonya Leanne Cavanough - Sonya Cavanough Counselling Services, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Sonya Cavanough Counselling Services
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Serves Area
I am a Couples Counsellor on Central Coast NSW. My approach is to provide a sense of safety, calm, and support, in a way that facilitates a better relationship for hurting couples who have experienced infidelity, through providing practical strategies to help them move forward in areas of communication, trust building and connection.
I am a Couples Counsellor on Central Coast NSW. My approach is to provide a sense of safety, calm, and support, in a way that facilitates a better relationship for hurting couples who have experienced infidelity, through providing practical strategies to help them move forward in areas of communication, trust building and connection.
(02) 4306 7178 View (02) 4306 7178
Photo of Claire Catriona Nussey, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Claire Catriona Nussey
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
New Lambton, NSW 2305
I enjoy working with adults (over 25 years) of all genders and backgrounds. I particularly enjoy working with older adults, neurodivergent individuals, people in the (peri-post)menopausal period, and people who have acquired PTSD from work, such as police officers. I aim to create an environment where you can show up as your authentic self. So I am genuine and straight talking (in a supportive way). This means I listen carefully to your experiences and concerns, explain things clearly, am approachable and share my thoughts and ideas kindly, respectfully and honestly.
I enjoy working with adults (over 25 years) of all genders and backgrounds. I particularly enjoy working with older adults, neurodivergent individuals, people in the (peri-post)menopausal period, and people who have acquired PTSD from work, such as police officers. I aim to create an environment where you can show up as your authentic self. So I am genuine and straight talking (in a supportive way). This means I listen carefully to your experiences and concerns, explain things clearly, am approachable and share my thoughts and ideas kindly, respectfully and honestly.
(02) 4012 0481 View (02) 4012 0481
Photo of Matthew Lockwood, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Matthew Lockwood
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
One day, out of the blue, my life was turned upside down. Therefore I have specialist 'lived experience' with rehabilitation from serious illness and injury. This means that I can listen to you from a practical, not only the theoretical and clinical perspective.
One day, out of the blue, my life was turned upside down. Therefore I have specialist 'lived experience' with rehabilitation from serious illness and injury. This means that I can listen to you from a practical, not only the theoretical and clinical perspective.
(08) 7078 7009 View (08) 7078 7009
Photo of Michael Elwan - Lived Experience Solutions (LEXs), Social Worker, AASW
Lived Experience Solutions (LEXs)
Social Worker, AASW
Online Only
Many people who come to LEXs are capable, thoughtful, and exhausted from holding it together for a long time. They may be living with anxiety, relationship strain, grief, or a quiet sense of disconnection that is hard to explain. Conflict feels overwhelming, emotions are difficult to express, and stress seeps into work, intimacy, and self-worth. They are not looking for another technique; they want to feel understood, steadier in themselves, and safer in their relationships. My work is informed by lived and living experience of caregiving, migration, disability, & suicide bereavement, alongside senior practice & systems-level roles.
Many people who come to LEXs are capable, thoughtful, and exhausted from holding it together for a long time. They may be living with anxiety, relationship strain, grief, or a quiet sense of disconnection that is hard to explain. Conflict feels overwhelming, emotions are difficult to express, and stress seeps into work, intimacy, and self-worth. They are not looking for another technique; they want to feel understood, steadier in themselves, and safer in their relationships. My work is informed by lived and living experience of caregiving, migration, disability, & suicide bereavement, alongside senior practice & systems-level roles.
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Photo of Sinead Smith - Wise Mind Psychology Newcastle, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Wise Mind Psychology Newcastle
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
New Lambton, NSW 2305
Wise Mind Psychology is a Newcastle-based team of passionate clinicians who are dedicated to improving the lives and well-being of our clients. We adopt a collaborative, person-centered, and evidence-based approach to therapy and assessment. Wise Mind offers a range of services, including individual therapy, child and family therapy, and psychological and diagnostic assessments for children and adults of all ages.
Wise Mind Psychology is a Newcastle-based team of passionate clinicians who are dedicated to improving the lives and well-being of our clients. We adopt a collaborative, person-centered, and evidence-based approach to therapy and assessment. Wise Mind offers a range of services, including individual therapy, child and family therapy, and psychological and diagnostic assessments for children and adults of all ages.
(02) 4082 6720 View (02) 4082 6720
Photo of Bianca Winter-Mallari, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Bianca Winter-Mallari
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
I specialise in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma in healing from CPTSD. Listen to my podcast Healing CPTSD, available on Spotify and Apple Podcasts, for more resources and information.
I specialise in supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma in healing from CPTSD. Listen to my podcast Healing CPTSD, available on Spotify and Apple Podcasts, for more resources and information.
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Photo of Maria del Pilar Pastoriza
Maria del Pilar Pastoriza
Verified Verified
Online Only
Pilar is a Licensed psychologist with 32 years of experience. She helps people to improve their lives with therapy. She knows that when the clients follow the treatment for a period of time, they will feel better. The first session the clients will realize they are not alone any more with their problems, and if they are determined to continue, they will feel understood and will develop tools and emotional regulations, ,to improve in general. Pilar offer online therapy in english and in spanish.
Pilar is a Licensed psychologist with 32 years of experience. She helps people to improve their lives with therapy. She knows that when the clients follow the treatment for a period of time, they will feel better. The first session the clients will realize they are not alone any more with their problems, and if they are determined to continue, they will feel understood and will develop tools and emotional regulations, ,to improve in general. Pilar offer online therapy in english and in spanish.
011 6298-5137 View 011 6298-5137
Photo of Imogen Rose Todd - Imogen Todd - Sex Therapy, MSc
Imogen Todd - Sex Therapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a queer Sexologist and Mental Health Social Worker, I am here to support clients with a range of presenting difficulties. I offer sex therapy, relationship/couples therapy, perinatal therapy, and general counselling. I have expertise in supporting those with sexual function issues, including painful sex, erectile dysfunction, vaginismus and more. I also support people experiencing performance anxiety, mismatch in desire, body image concerns, relationship issues, sexual assault survivors, sex workers, and those needing support exploring gender and sexuality. I provide a warm, safe and non-judgemental space to meet client needs.
As a queer Sexologist and Mental Health Social Worker, I am here to support clients with a range of presenting difficulties. I offer sex therapy, relationship/couples therapy, perinatal therapy, and general counselling. I have expertise in supporting those with sexual function issues, including painful sex, erectile dysfunction, vaginismus and more. I also support people experiencing performance anxiety, mismatch in desire, body image concerns, relationship issues, sexual assault survivors, sex workers, and those needing support exploring gender and sexuality. I provide a warm, safe and non-judgemental space to meet client needs.
(03) 8338 1600 View (03) 8338 1600
Photo of Sharleen Gonzalez, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Sharleen Gonzalez
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I'm a clinical psychologist who works with adults across a diverse range of mental health issues, I have a particular interest in trauma, grief, relationship issues, depression, life transitions (such as separation), multicultural populations, personality disorders (such as helping people who struggle with BPD traits or helping people manage difficult relationships with individuals with narcissistic traits or help them recover after narcissistic abuse), and dissociative disorders such as DID. I also have an interest in helping people with ME/CFS and related chronic illnesses such as Long Covid, Fibromyalgia (as I have ME/CFS).
I'm a clinical psychologist who works with adults across a diverse range of mental health issues, I have a particular interest in trauma, grief, relationship issues, depression, life transitions (such as separation), multicultural populations, personality disorders (such as helping people who struggle with BPD traits or helping people manage difficult relationships with individuals with narcissistic traits or help them recover after narcissistic abuse), and dissociative disorders such as DID. I also have an interest in helping people with ME/CFS and related chronic illnesses such as Long Covid, Fibromyalgia (as I have ME/CFS).
(02) 4012 2512 View (02) 4012 2512

See more therapy options for Anna Bay

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Anna Bay, NSW

< 10

Psychologists and Therapists in Anna Bay, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Women's Issues
100% Stress
50% Domestic Abuse
50% Chronic Pain

Average years in practice

29 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Bupa
100% Medibank Private
100% NDIS

How Psychologists and Therapists in Anna Bay, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Anna Bay?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.