Counselling in Richmond, VIC

Photo of Ty Tran, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Ty Tran
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I am a gentle, open and empathetic registered psychologist dedicated to enhancing individuals’ quality of life. I work with adults with ADHD, anxiety, depression, anger, substance use, perfectionism, burnout, stress, and low self-esteem. I have extensive experience working with individuals with employment and work-related challenges, such as career transitions and work-life balance. I enjoy working with high performers, executives, professionals, and those in high-stress occupations. As a father of young children, I also like helping other parents better manage their work and family responsibilities.
I am a gentle, open and empathetic registered psychologist dedicated to enhancing individuals’ quality of life. I work with adults with ADHD, anxiety, depression, anger, substance use, perfectionism, burnout, stress, and low self-esteem. I have extensive experience working with individuals with employment and work-related challenges, such as career transitions and work-life balance. I enjoy working with high performers, executives, professionals, and those in high-stress occupations. As a father of young children, I also like helping other parents better manage their work and family responsibilities.
(03) 7003 2749 View (03) 7003 2749
Photo of Claire Munns - Therapy Shmerapy in Richmond, VIC
Claire Munns - Therapy Shmerapy
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121  (Online Only)
Claire is great for someone navigating complex mental health challenges, who would like to connect with someone with a similar lived experience. Claire has lived experience with autism, ADHD, BPD, disordered eating, depression, anxiety and LGBTQIA+ issues, and over 10 years of lived experience in the mental health system. You'll work well with Claire if you are seeking a safe and affirming space, valuing connection and understanding. Claire focuses on creating a unique space for each individual, always aiming for a space where you feel validated, empowered and safe to be yourself.
Claire is great for someone navigating complex mental health challenges, who would like to connect with someone with a similar lived experience. Claire has lived experience with autism, ADHD, BPD, disordered eating, depression, anxiety and LGBTQIA+ issues, and over 10 years of lived experience in the mental health system. You'll work well with Claire if you are seeking a safe and affirming space, valuing connection and understanding. Claire focuses on creating a unique space for each individual, always aiming for a space where you feel validated, empowered and safe to be yourself.
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Photo of Emma Schubert, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Emma Schubert
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Whether you've seen many therapists in your time or this is your first venture into the world of therapy and counselling, it would be my pleasure to support you. Finding a psychologist can be a daunting process, therefore when we meet, I'll provide a calm, relaxed and welcoming environment, and will take the process at your pace. I see adults and young children, and my previous experience as a dancer and teacher brings forth a warm and educational experience to the therapy room.
Whether you've seen many therapists in your time or this is your first venture into the world of therapy and counselling, it would be my pleasure to support you. Finding a psychologist can be a daunting process, therefore when we meet, I'll provide a calm, relaxed and welcoming environment, and will take the process at your pace. I see adults and young children, and my previous experience as a dancer and teacher brings forth a warm and educational experience to the therapy room.
(03) 7003 2479 View (03) 7003 2479
Photo of Sarah Christensen, Psychotherapist in Richmond, VIC
Sarah Christensen
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I am a psychotherapist specialising in integrative psychotherapy. I approach each client individually by synthesising a range of models, theories and practices. My intention is to work with you to understand how your unique life experiences impact your relationship with yourself, others and the world. In my practice, I am influenced by attachment theory, development and psychodynamic theories, trauma theory and metacognitive theory. I seek to provide a supportive and non-judgmental space, recognising that the human experience is too complex to be approached without curiosity and openness.
I am a psychotherapist specialising in integrative psychotherapy. I approach each client individually by synthesising a range of models, theories and practices. My intention is to work with you to understand how your unique life experiences impact your relationship with yourself, others and the world. In my practice, I am influenced by attachment theory, development and psychodynamic theories, trauma theory and metacognitive theory. I seek to provide a supportive and non-judgmental space, recognising that the human experience is too complex to be approached without curiosity and openness.
(03) 7003 2422 View (03) 7003 2422
Photo of Agnieszka Mazus (Atenta), Counsellor in Richmond, VIC
Agnieszka Mazus (Atenta)
Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Empathetic and client-centred PACFA-registered counsellor welcoming couples and adult individuals (in-person East Melbourne / Richmond and online). My goal is to make every client feel heard, understood, and professionally supported. I understand the demands of modern life and I approach clients with cultural sensitivity, heart and mind in the counselling room. I believe that change is possible, people can feel better with themselves and others, and build fulfilling, sustainable relationships.
Empathetic and client-centred PACFA-registered counsellor welcoming couples and adult individuals (in-person East Melbourne / Richmond and online). My goal is to make every client feel heard, understood, and professionally supported. I understand the demands of modern life and I approach clients with cultural sensitivity, heart and mind in the counselling room. I believe that change is possible, people can feel better with themselves and others, and build fulfilling, sustainable relationships.
(03) 7003 2961 View (03) 7003 2961
Photo of Sheyan Gunapala, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Sheyan Gunapala
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
I have a keen interest in working with Men, Sri Lankan/South Asians and Neurodiverse Individuals. Some of the presentations I can support you with are depression, anxiety addictive behaviours (e.g alcohol, pornography) and perinatal depression. I am trained in psychological assessment of autism, ADHD and dyslexia.
I have a keen interest in working with Men, Sri Lankan/South Asians and Neurodiverse Individuals. Some of the presentations I can support you with are depression, anxiety addictive behaviours (e.g alcohol, pornography) and perinatal depression. I am trained in psychological assessment of autism, ADHD and dyslexia.
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Photo of Kirsty Troy, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Kirsty Troy
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121  (Online Only)
It can be overwhelming dealing with life’s challenges. You don't have to face it alone. My therapy approach is warm and approachable. I provide a respectful, non-judgemental environment where you can feel safe and cared for in talking about the hard things. Together, we will help build your insight and understanding of your difficulties. I can then provide you with evidence-based, practical strategies to improve your wellbeing.
It can be overwhelming dealing with life’s challenges. You don't have to face it alone. My therapy approach is warm and approachable. I provide a respectful, non-judgemental environment where you can feel safe and cared for in talking about the hard things. Together, we will help build your insight and understanding of your difficulties. I can then provide you with evidence-based, practical strategies to improve your wellbeing.
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Photo of Taash Balakas, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Taash Balakas
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121  (Online Only)
I know that for some, visiting a psychologist can be daunting - I am a strong believer in breaking down the traditional barriers of psychology. So often we are faced with images of serious and intimidating looking people, in even more intimidating looking suits and told that they’re going to be the professional looking after our mental health. It is my mission, to offer therapy in an approachable, personable and jargon-free environment - one where you feel safe, cared for and understood.
I know that for some, visiting a psychologist can be daunting - I am a strong believer in breaking down the traditional barriers of psychology. So often we are faced with images of serious and intimidating looking people, in even more intimidating looking suits and told that they’re going to be the professional looking after our mental health. It is my mission, to offer therapy in an approachable, personable and jargon-free environment - one where you feel safe, cared for and understood.
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Photo of Four Seasons Psychology , Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Four Seasons Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Four Seasons Psychology provides psychological services to people aged 12 to 65, presenting with a wide variety of clinical symptoms and mental health difficulties. Our aim is to establish a strong therapeutic alliance, by exploring your values and collaboratively setting goals to help you reach your therapeutic objectives. We help you build upon your existing skills and strengths, whilst also helping you to develop new coping techniques, so you can self-manage difficult thoughts, feelings, and emotions effectively.
Four Seasons Psychology provides psychological services to people aged 12 to 65, presenting with a wide variety of clinical symptoms and mental health difficulties. Our aim is to establish a strong therapeutic alliance, by exploring your values and collaboratively setting goals to help you reach your therapeutic objectives. We help you build upon your existing skills and strengths, whilst also helping you to develop new coping techniques, so you can self-manage difficult thoughts, feelings, and emotions effectively.
(03) 7003 2376 View (03) 7003 2376
Photo of Michelle Sophia Karipidis, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Michelle Sophia Karipidis
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I see each individual as a unique story waiting to be explored, understood, and empowered. Together we will navigate the twists of life's narrative, transforming obstacles into opportunities for growth and resilience. I work with various populations, from children, families, teens to younger and older adults, understanding that our connection presides over anything else. My areas of work extend across a spectrum of challenges, from ADHD, Anxiety, Panic, Depression, and self-esteem issues to navigating relationships, addressing addictions, and exploring sexuality. Regardless of the topic, my priority is your comfort.
I see each individual as a unique story waiting to be explored, understood, and empowered. Together we will navigate the twists of life's narrative, transforming obstacles into opportunities for growth and resilience. I work with various populations, from children, families, teens to younger and older adults, understanding that our connection presides over anything else. My areas of work extend across a spectrum of challenges, from ADHD, Anxiety, Panic, Depression, and self-esteem issues to navigating relationships, addressing addictions, and exploring sexuality. Regardless of the topic, my priority is your comfort.
(03) 7003 2394 View (03) 7003 2394
Photo of Hourglass Psychology, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Hourglass Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
Appointments Available - book online at hourglasspsychology.com.au/appointments. I work with young people and adults treating anxiety, depression, grief, low self-esteem, adjustment difficulties, relationship issues, self-harming, addictions, stress, amongst other problems. I also have an interest in working with people across diverse sexuality, sex, and gender spectrums. I assist you to find practical solutions to your problems that fit within your lifestyle, values and personal investment, drawing on your strengths to create meaningful long-term change. I also work with your evolving goals, and offer guidance and support.
Appointments Available - book online at hourglasspsychology.com.au/appointments. I work with young people and adults treating anxiety, depression, grief, low self-esteem, adjustment difficulties, relationship issues, self-harming, addictions, stress, amongst other problems. I also have an interest in working with people across diverse sexuality, sex, and gender spectrums. I assist you to find practical solutions to your problems that fit within your lifestyle, values and personal investment, drawing on your strengths to create meaningful long-term change. I also work with your evolving goals, and offer guidance and support.
(03) 7003 2053 View (03) 7003 2053
Photo of Mia Gentle, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Mia Gentle
Psychologist, PsychD
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Mia is an experienced psychologist who works with adults of all ages across a variety of issues/difficulties. With the foundation of a safe and non-judgmental space, Mia has helped clients presenting with adjustment and life transitions, anxiety, depression, phobias, low self-worth, loss, trauma/abuse, workplace issues, anger management and more.
Mia is an experienced psychologist who works with adults of all ages across a variety of issues/difficulties. With the foundation of a safe and non-judgmental space, Mia has helped clients presenting with adjustment and life transitions, anxiety, depression, phobias, low self-worth, loss, trauma/abuse, workplace issues, anger management and more.
(03) 7003 2475 View (03) 7003 2475
Photo of Mahnaz Daraj, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Mahnaz Daraj
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I am a registered psychologist and psychodynamic psychotherapist who has a special interest in Self Psychology. I offer individual therapy to adults who may experience a range of difficulties such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and relationship issues. I strive to help individuals gain an in-depth understanding of themselves and their experiences with the ultimate goal of alleviation of their difficulties.
I am a registered psychologist and psychodynamic psychotherapist who has a special interest in Self Psychology. I offer individual therapy to adults who may experience a range of difficulties such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and relationship issues. I strive to help individuals gain an in-depth understanding of themselves and their experiences with the ultimate goal of alleviation of their difficulties.
(07) 3130 0056 View (07) 3130 0056
Photo of Phoebe Cummings, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Phoebe Cummings
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I’m an AHPRA registered psychologist, with my aim to help people live a fulfilled, meaningful life. I am committed to working with others in a collaborative and supportive nature and I know that a positive, strong therapeutic relationship is the foundation of meaningful progress. I believe your wellbeing needs are as unique as your fingerprint, and therefore each individual requires bespoke support.
I’m an AHPRA registered psychologist, with my aim to help people live a fulfilled, meaningful life. I am committed to working with others in a collaborative and supportive nature and I know that a positive, strong therapeutic relationship is the foundation of meaningful progress. I believe your wellbeing needs are as unique as your fingerprint, and therefore each individual requires bespoke support.
(03) 7003 2681 View (03) 7003 2681
Photo of Aish Nair, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Aish Nair
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
Aish (She/her) has experience working with people across the lifespan and from diverse backgrounds, presenting with issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, trauma and personality disorders. She has extensive experience working with young people, particularly those with complex needs. She is particularly interested in trauma-based work. She uses CBT, DBT, ACT and Mindfulness-based practices. She builds honest, open and empathetic relationships with her clients. She has a commitment to collaborating with clients in a non-judgmental way to help them build a life worth living.
Aish (She/her) has experience working with people across the lifespan and from diverse backgrounds, presenting with issues such as depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, trauma and personality disorders. She has extensive experience working with young people, particularly those with complex needs. She is particularly interested in trauma-based work. She uses CBT, DBT, ACT and Mindfulness-based practices. She builds honest, open and empathetic relationships with her clients. She has a commitment to collaborating with clients in a non-judgmental way to help them build a life worth living.
(03) 7003 2466 View (03) 7003 2466
Photo of Grow Gently Couselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Richmond, VIC
Grow Gently Couselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I have a Social Work background with experience in consultation services, child protection, family intervention, clinical mental health services, systems work, senior leadership and management. I am originally from Turrbal and Jagera country but have called Naarm home since mid-2022. My mob are Mununjali, and I am a proud Aboriginal person. I identify as queer and as a proud ADHDer. I appreciate the opportunity to work alongside the LGBTQIA+ and neurodiverse communities and am committed to providing queer-affirming and neurodiversity-affirming practices that are trauma-informed and safe.
I have a Social Work background with experience in consultation services, child protection, family intervention, clinical mental health services, systems work, senior leadership and management. I am originally from Turrbal and Jagera country but have called Naarm home since mid-2022. My mob are Mununjali, and I am a proud Aboriginal person. I identify as queer and as a proud ADHDer. I appreciate the opportunity to work alongside the LGBTQIA+ and neurodiverse communities and am committed to providing queer-affirming and neurodiversity-affirming practices that are trauma-informed and safe.
(03) 7003 2995 View (03) 7003 2995
Photo of Inner Eastern Psychology, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Inner Eastern Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Managing difficult emotions, such as feeling down or depressed, sadness, anger, guilt, shame, feelings of emptiness or insecurity Managing mood swings and chronic mood disturbances Reducing stress and burnout Treatment of anxiety disorders including Generalized Anxiety, Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety, Phobias, and Panic Attacks Reducing harm from impulsive behaviours Adjustment to and management of major life events Coping with grief and bereavement Experience related to living with chronic illness Problems related to traumatic experience or abuse Managing distress related to body image concerns Experiences related to identifying as LGBTIQA Difficulties with identity, self-esteem or self-image
Managing difficult emotions, such as feeling down or depressed, sadness, anger, guilt, shame, feelings of emptiness or insecurity Managing mood swings and chronic mood disturbances Reducing stress and burnout Treatment of anxiety disorders including Generalized Anxiety, Social Anxiety, Health Anxiety, Phobias, and Panic Attacks Reducing harm from impulsive behaviours Adjustment to and management of major life events Coping with grief and bereavement Experience related to living with chronic illness Problems related to traumatic experience or abuse Managing distress related to body image concerns Experiences related to identifying as LGBTIQA Difficulties with identity, self-esteem or self-image
(03) 9070 3597 View (03) 9070 3597
Photo of Dr Lei Gryffydd, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Dr Lei Gryffydd
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
I am a clinical neuropsychologist specialising in the assessment and treatment of neurodevelopmental conditions (Autism, ADHD & learning conditions) across the lifespan. I am passionate about working with other LGBTQIA+ individuals and provide WPATH assessments for those seeking gender affirming treatment.
I am a clinical neuropsychologist specialising in the assessment and treatment of neurodevelopmental conditions (Autism, ADHD & learning conditions) across the lifespan. I am passionate about working with other LGBTQIA+ individuals and provide WPATH assessments for those seeking gender affirming treatment.
(03) 7003 2372 View (03) 7003 2372
Photo of Christine. South East. Adolescent Mental Health. Relationship Counselling., Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Christine. South East. Adolescent Mental Health. Relationship Counselling.
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Hi I’m Christine, psychologist and director at Life Goals psychology. I value evidence based interventions. I’m informed by current research and use the most effective methods for your presenting challenges and diagnoses. -relationship counselling. -play therapy. -adolescent mental health. -life adjustments. -mood disorders.
Hi I’m Christine, psychologist and director at Life Goals psychology. I value evidence based interventions. I’m informed by current research and use the most effective methods for your presenting challenges and diagnoses. -relationship counselling. -play therapy. -adolescent mental health. -life adjustments. -mood disorders.
(03) 7003 2758 View (03) 7003 2758
Photo of Greta Ludwig Psychology, Psychologist in Richmond, VIC
Greta Ludwig Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Richmond, VIC 3121
Hello my name is Greta, at times we all need a friendly face and someone to listen to our story.  My aim is to walk with you to provide an authentic, honest and trusting space where life's experiences can be shared without judgement.  I work from a biopsychosocial model which essentially means looking at the interconnection of our biology, our psychology and our social connections to help understand how we experience and respond to the challenges we may experience throughout our life.  Whilst we are all unique and different, I describe myself as an eclectic therapist, in that I draw from a range of therapy forms.
Hello my name is Greta, at times we all need a friendly face and someone to listen to our story.  My aim is to walk with you to provide an authentic, honest and trusting space where life's experiences can be shared without judgement.  I work from a biopsychosocial model which essentially means looking at the interconnection of our biology, our psychology and our social connections to help understand how we experience and respond to the challenges we may experience throughout our life.  Whilst we are all unique and different, I describe myself as an eclectic therapist, in that I draw from a range of therapy forms.
(03) 4236 3217 View (03) 4236 3217

See more therapy options for Richmond

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Richmond, VIC

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in Richmond, VIC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
81% Self Esteem
78% Stress
76% Trauma and PTSD
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Medicare Rebates
49% Bupa
37% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Richmond, VIC see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

67% Female
32% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Richmond?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.