Counselling in Sydney, NSW

Photo of Candice Bailey, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
Candice Bailey
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Hello! I am Candice, founder of Connection Space Counselling. I'm a PACFA Registered Clinical Counsellor and a Certified Gottman Couples Therapist (Level 2). I specialise in individual counselling for anxiety, depression, trauma and self-esteem, as well as a range of relationship difficulties including conflict and communication challenges. I believe in the importance of self-care and connection to others to enhance our well-being and help individuals and couples to find balance and fulfilment in their lives.
Hello! I am Candice, founder of Connection Space Counselling. I'm a PACFA Registered Clinical Counsellor and a Certified Gottman Couples Therapist (Level 2). I specialise in individual counselling for anxiety, depression, trauma and self-esteem, as well as a range of relationship difficulties including conflict and communication challenges. I believe in the importance of self-care and connection to others to enhance our well-being and help individuals and couples to find balance and fulfilment in their lives.
(02) 9100 0858 View (02) 9100 0858
Photo of Sam Forbes - Trauma Therapy Emdr Relationships Lgbt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sydney, NSW
Sam Forbes - Trauma Therapy Emdr Relationships Lgbt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
What would you like to be different in your life? Counselling can help. I've been a therapist for 30 years and I love supporting people to make significant changes in their lives and relationships. There's nothing you can't overcome. I specialise in complex trauma and relationship counselling. I'm queer and LGBTIQ, poly, sex work & BDSM affirming. I’ve worked with people affected by mental health issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, drugs, racism and disability. Whether it’s counselling for you, for your relationship/s or for someone you care about, I'll support you to overcome the problems that affect you and those you love.
What would you like to be different in your life? Counselling can help. I've been a therapist for 30 years and I love supporting people to make significant changes in their lives and relationships. There's nothing you can't overcome. I specialise in complex trauma and relationship counselling. I'm queer and LGBTIQ, poly, sex work & BDSM affirming. I’ve worked with people affected by mental health issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, drugs, racism and disability. Whether it’s counselling for you, for your relationship/s or for someone you care about, I'll support you to overcome the problems that affect you and those you love.
(02) 8074 5968 View (02) 8074 5968
Photo of Katie Thorncraft, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Katie Thorncraft
Psychologist, Assoc MAPS
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I work to help people create better relationships with themselves, and better relationships with other people. I help my clients to understand and learn to regulate what is happening in their bodies, dealing with anxiety, stress, depression and trauma in practical, tangible and simple ways. I aim to help people become less self-critical, frustrated and stressed and create a more meaningful life.
I work to help people create better relationships with themselves, and better relationships with other people. I help my clients to understand and learn to regulate what is happening in their bodies, dealing with anxiety, stress, depression and trauma in practical, tangible and simple ways. I aim to help people become less self-critical, frustrated and stressed and create a more meaningful life.
0432 586 344 View 0432 586 344
Photo of The Centre for Professional Wellbeing, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
The Centre for Professional Wellbeing
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I have a diverse skillset developed as both a Clinical Psychologist and as a senior executive in a variety of companies over the last 22 years. My corporate experience gave me a unique insight into the realities of professional life and made me very passionate about looking after the mental health and wellbeing of working professionals. By blending powerful evidence-based Psychological therapies with practical Executive Coaching tools, I aim to empower my clients with both the emotional coping resources and the practical skills to thrive in spite of the varied challenges they face at work and at home.
I have a diverse skillset developed as both a Clinical Psychologist and as a senior executive in a variety of companies over the last 22 years. My corporate experience gave me a unique insight into the realities of professional life and made me very passionate about looking after the mental health and wellbeing of working professionals. By blending powerful evidence-based Psychological therapies with practical Executive Coaching tools, I aim to empower my clients with both the emotional coping resources and the practical skills to thrive in spite of the varied challenges they face at work and at home.
(02) 8074 5211 View (02) 8074 5211
Photo of Jennifer Perkins Counselling & Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist in Sydney, NSW
Jennifer Perkins Counselling & Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Life is meant to be lived with joy. Let's help eliminate the barriers. Jennifer is an extremely well qualified therapist who works with you to help solve problems. She is trauma informed with a specialty in relationships. This means she is excellent at helping you work through a difficult family history, messy relationships or even offering parenting skills. She is dedicated to helping you have the most healing and positive experience possible and honored to walk this journey with you. She is committed to providing a quality experience including a strong vision towards social justice and social equality especially with LGBTQI folks.
Life is meant to be lived with joy. Let's help eliminate the barriers. Jennifer is an extremely well qualified therapist who works with you to help solve problems. She is trauma informed with a specialty in relationships. This means she is excellent at helping you work through a difficult family history, messy relationships or even offering parenting skills. She is dedicated to helping you have the most healing and positive experience possible and honored to walk this journey with you. She is committed to providing a quality experience including a strong vision towards social justice and social equality especially with LGBTQI folks.
(02) 8074 5705 View (02) 8074 5705
Photo of Daniella Davidson, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
Daniella Davidson
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000  (Online Only)
The ideal client for my services is someone who is seeking guidance and support in navigating various aspects of their personal relationships and love life. They may be experiencing challenges such as difficulty finding a compatible partner, struggling with communication or conflict resolution within their relationships, or feeling unsure about how to navigate family dynamics.
The ideal client for my services is someone who is seeking guidance and support in navigating various aspects of their personal relationships and love life. They may be experiencing challenges such as difficulty finding a compatible partner, struggling with communication or conflict resolution within their relationships, or feeling unsure about how to navigate family dynamics.
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Photo of Xanthe Katsouras, Psychotherapist in Sydney, NSW
Xanthe Katsouras
Psychotherapist, PsychD, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
Are you struggling to find a balance in your life? do you feel out of control, even though you keep trying to take charge?...I am here to support you in creating a more grounded experience of self, and support your ability to engage with life in a beneficial way. My specialty is work with clients who are struggling with relationships, self-esteem, identity and work/life balance. I have 5years experience in the addictions field, which has deepened my understanding of the emotional/mental imbalances we all carry. I work with clients both individually and in groups.
Are you struggling to find a balance in your life? do you feel out of control, even though you keep trying to take charge?...I am here to support you in creating a more grounded experience of self, and support your ability to engage with life in a beneficial way. My specialty is work with clients who are struggling with relationships, self-esteem, identity and work/life balance. I have 5years experience in the addictions field, which has deepened my understanding of the emotional/mental imbalances we all carry. I work with clients both individually and in groups.
(02) 9100 0085 View (02) 9100 0085
Photo of Relationship-Talk: Dr Cory Middleton, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Relationship-Talk: Dr Cory Middleton
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Highly experienced psychologist supporting individuals & couples. Come discuss: Relationship challenges, mental health (stress, anxiety & depression), men's issues, marriage counselling, workplace stress. Feeling stuck? Cory provides non-judgmental, deeply supportive, experienced professional skill in guiding you through life's challenges. Proactively address issues that may be impacting your personal and relationship happiness.
Highly experienced psychologist supporting individuals & couples. Come discuss: Relationship challenges, mental health (stress, anxiety & depression), men's issues, marriage counselling, workplace stress. Feeling stuck? Cory provides non-judgmental, deeply supportive, experienced professional skill in guiding you through life's challenges. Proactively address issues that may be impacting your personal and relationship happiness.
(02) 9100 0542 View (02) 9100 0542
Photo of Tom Skotidas, Psychotherapist in Sydney, NSW
Tom Skotidas
Psychotherapist, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
As a Psychotherapist, I help individuals, couples, and families overcome their mental health and relationship challenges using evidence-based psychotherapy. I engage all of my clients with compassion, collaboration, and unconditional acceptance. My therapy approach enables my clients to discover their cognitive, emotional, and communication patterns, build new behaviours aligned to their core values, create meaning and purpose, and thrive.
As a Psychotherapist, I help individuals, couples, and families overcome their mental health and relationship challenges using evidence-based psychotherapy. I engage all of my clients with compassion, collaboration, and unconditional acceptance. My therapy approach enables my clients to discover their cognitive, emotional, and communication patterns, build new behaviours aligned to their core values, create meaning and purpose, and thrive.
(02) 9100 0129 View (02) 9100 0129
Photo of Jessica Ryan-Zeman, Psychotherapist in Sydney, NSW
Jessica Ryan-Zeman
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I specialise in working with adolescents and adults with suffering from eating disorders and body image concerns as well as addictions and substance abuse issues. I also provide support for families and partners. I want to go deeper than just providing short-term symptom relief. Often eating disorders or any addictive cycle is a coping mechanism for unresolved feelings or past trauma. My goal is to help my clients accept their feelings and also challenge limiting core beliefs in order to develop healthier coping mechanisms, better self-esteem and a life that is no longer dictated by the rules of their eating disorder or addiction .
I specialise in working with adolescents and adults with suffering from eating disorders and body image concerns as well as addictions and substance abuse issues. I also provide support for families and partners. I want to go deeper than just providing short-term symptom relief. Often eating disorders or any addictive cycle is a coping mechanism for unresolved feelings or past trauma. My goal is to help my clients accept their feelings and also challenge limiting core beliefs in order to develop healthier coping mechanisms, better self-esteem and a life that is no longer dictated by the rules of their eating disorder or addiction .
(02) 9100 0811 View (02) 9100 0811
Photo of David Roberts, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
David Roberts
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Hi, for the last 20 years I have been working with people who are experiencing challenges in their relationships. Conflict and communication problems often at the heart of these challenges. For many years I saw this when mediating with couples or parents who had decided to separate. Now through counselling I prefer to focus on the source of the problems before its too late. My particular motivation is to prevent conflict having a negative impact on children when they are involved.
Hi, for the last 20 years I have been working with people who are experiencing challenges in their relationships. Conflict and communication problems often at the heart of these challenges. For many years I saw this when mediating with couples or parents who had decided to separate. Now through counselling I prefer to focus on the source of the problems before its too late. My particular motivation is to prevent conflict having a negative impact on children when they are involved.
(02) 9100 0812 View (02) 9100 0812
Photo of Travis Michael Grogan, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Travis Michael Grogan
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I'm here to help people navigate life's complex twists and turns. I love to work with adolescents (15+) and adults, couples, and families, supporting them to understand why they are seeking therapy and to build strategies to grow develop lasting change. My ideal client(s) is a person or a couple who comes to the first session, that's it. Often, that can be the biggest of step!
I'm here to help people navigate life's complex twists and turns. I love to work with adolescents (15+) and adults, couples, and families, supporting them to understand why they are seeking therapy and to build strategies to grow develop lasting change. My ideal client(s) is a person or a couple who comes to the first session, that's it. Often, that can be the biggest of step!
(02) 9100 0027 View (02) 9100 0027
Photo of Jacob Lee, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Jacob Lee
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Everyone can live a more fulfilling life, although thoughts and feelings make it easy to get stuck. I believe therapy offers space to take a step back and do our best thinking about 'whats working well?' and 'whats not working well?', when it comes to thoughts, feelings, and relationships. I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficult thoughts, feelings, and situations such as: anxiety, low mood, relationship stress, and low motivation.
Everyone can live a more fulfilling life, although thoughts and feelings make it easy to get stuck. I believe therapy offers space to take a step back and do our best thinking about 'whats working well?' and 'whats not working well?', when it comes to thoughts, feelings, and relationships. I work with people experiencing a wide range of difficult thoughts, feelings, and situations such as: anxiety, low mood, relationship stress, and low motivation.
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Photo of Holly Shires, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
Holly Shires
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000  (Online Only)
As a friendly and relatable therapist, I create a safe and empathetic space where clients feel heard, safe and valued. My sessions are characterized by a sincere connection with you as I genuinely invest in understanding and responding to your unique stories and challenges. I have a special interest in providing counselling for trauma, grief and loss, and significant life changes, offering a nurturing space for freedom of expression and trust. Working in collaborative partnership, we find a way to move gently through pain, loss, and changes to re-establish meaning and embrace life again.
As a friendly and relatable therapist, I create a safe and empathetic space where clients feel heard, safe and valued. My sessions are characterized by a sincere connection with you as I genuinely invest in understanding and responding to your unique stories and challenges. I have a special interest in providing counselling for trauma, grief and loss, and significant life changes, offering a nurturing space for freedom of expression and trust. Working in collaborative partnership, we find a way to move gently through pain, loss, and changes to re-establish meaning and embrace life again.
(02) 9159 6651 View (02) 9159 6651
Photo of Tara Trewartha, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Tara Trewartha
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds, and pride myself on providing a safe, compassionate and non-judgemental space. I am passionate about helping people to build on their individual strengths and develop new skills. If you are hoping to experience a greater quality of life, find some direction, or achieve your goals, it would be a privilege for me to offer you guidance and support.
I enjoy working with people of all ages and backgrounds, and pride myself on providing a safe, compassionate and non-judgemental space. I am passionate about helping people to build on their individual strengths and develop new skills. If you are hoping to experience a greater quality of life, find some direction, or achieve your goals, it would be a privilege for me to offer you guidance and support.
(02) 9100 0805 View (02) 9100 0805
Photo of Emma Mansell, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
Emma Mansell
Counsellor, PsychD, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
Hi, I’m Emma. I’m a therapist who works with adults on their mental health. My areas of specialist experience are trauma, anxiety, depression and substance misuse. I support people who are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, grief or loss and addiction. I provide a person centred approach to therapy, which looks at individuals as a whole person. My method is narrative therapy which looks at your story and the patterns of behaviour the story. My style is relaxed and gentle to help guide you through whatever brings you to therapy.
Hi, I’m Emma. I’m a therapist who works with adults on their mental health. My areas of specialist experience are trauma, anxiety, depression and substance misuse. I support people who are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, grief or loss and addiction. I provide a person centred approach to therapy, which looks at individuals as a whole person. My method is narrative therapy which looks at your story and the patterns of behaviour the story. My style is relaxed and gentle to help guide you through whatever brings you to therapy.
(02) 8403 2271 View (02) 8403 2271
Photo of Arzu Aksu Chapman, Counsellor in Sydney, NSW
Arzu Aksu Chapman
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
You, seeking understanding and connection in a world that often feels overwhelming. My ideal client navigates the intricate landscape of neurodivergence—be it ADHD, Autism, or related experiences. In couples, I welcome those facing unique dynamics, including neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ pairs. Your issues may vary, but the core need is universal: a safe space to explore challenges, cultivate understanding, and forge a path towards fulfillment. As a passionate therapist specializing in neurodiversity and couples therapy, my approach transcends conventional methods. Let's embark on a journey where acceptance and growth intersect.
You, seeking understanding and connection in a world that often feels overwhelming. My ideal client navigates the intricate landscape of neurodivergence—be it ADHD, Autism, or related experiences. In couples, I welcome those facing unique dynamics, including neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ pairs. Your issues may vary, but the core need is universal: a safe space to explore challenges, cultivate understanding, and forge a path towards fulfillment. As a passionate therapist specializing in neurodiversity and couples therapy, my approach transcends conventional methods. Let's embark on a journey where acceptance and growth intersect.
(02) 8403 1928 View (02) 8403 1928
Photo of Dr Gamze Abramov, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Dr Gamze Abramov
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydney, NSW 2000
I'm a Clinical Psychologist and I specialize in helping clients cope with improving mood, managing anxiety, reducing stress, enhancing communication skills, fostering assertiveness, cultivating harmonious relationships, overcoming self-doubt and feelings of inadequacy, and living more authentic and meaningful lives.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist and I specialize in helping clients cope with improving mood, managing anxiety, reducing stress, enhancing communication skills, fostering assertiveness, cultivating harmonious relationships, overcoming self-doubt and feelings of inadequacy, and living more authentic and meaningful lives.
(02) 9100 0273 View (02) 9100 0273
Photo of Sarah Pak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Sydney, NSW
Sarah Pak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I've been a mental health clinician/ therapist for over 20 years assisting patients/clients with a variety of issues ranging from mild depression, anxiety, stress, adjustment to more severe psychological and complex difficulties stemming from trauma, abuse, addictions, disability, psychiatric illnesses and personality and relationship related problems. I enjoy meeting those who value the importance of self-awareness and personal development in order to improve their psychological well-being.. I have extensive experiencing working with children, adults, couples and families who wish to improve their Mental Health conditions.
I've been a mental health clinician/ therapist for over 20 years assisting patients/clients with a variety of issues ranging from mild depression, anxiety, stress, adjustment to more severe psychological and complex difficulties stemming from trauma, abuse, addictions, disability, psychiatric illnesses and personality and relationship related problems. I enjoy meeting those who value the importance of self-awareness and personal development in order to improve their psychological well-being.. I have extensive experiencing working with children, adults, couples and families who wish to improve their Mental Health conditions.
(02) 8074 1764 View (02) 8074 1764
Photo of Luke Wright, Psychologist in Sydney, NSW
Luke Wright
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I am a compassionate, non-judgemental and validating clinician who strives to facilitate a therapy environment where my clients can feel relaxed, understood and leave each session with new insights or skills to face life’s challenges, no matter what it might be! I believe that there is no one size fits all approach to therapy. My therapeutic approach puts my clients at the centre of their therapy journey, collaboratively working towards their own unique goals or values and tailoring a treatment modality that works for them.
I am a compassionate, non-judgemental and validating clinician who strives to facilitate a therapy environment where my clients can feel relaxed, understood and leave each session with new insights or skills to face life’s challenges, no matter what it might be! I believe that there is no one size fits all approach to therapy. My therapeutic approach puts my clients at the centre of their therapy journey, collaboratively working towards their own unique goals or values and tailoring a treatment modality that works for them.
(02) 8609 3742 View (02) 8609 3742

See more therapy options for Sydney

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Sydney, NSW

800+

Average cost per session

$175

Counsellors in Sydney, NSW who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
83% Depression
79% Stress
78% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Medicare Rebates
52% Bupa
45% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Sydney, NSW see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
21% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Sydney?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.