Counselling in Rydalmere, NSW

Photo of Mickey Skidmore, Psychotherapist in Rydalmere, NSW
Mickey Skidmore
Psychotherapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116  (Online Only)
My primary clinical focus is on grief & loss, and associated issues of depression and anxiety. I provide services exclusively online (tele-health) to emphasise flexibility and scheduling convenience (eliminating travel and parking hassles) while ensuring increased privacy in the comfort in your own environment. My primary approach to therapy emphasises Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing methods that are underscored and influenced by Ericksonian Approaches to hypnosis and psychotherapy. I also have a strong passion for providing clinical supervision and services to other professionals.
My primary clinical focus is on grief & loss, and associated issues of depression and anxiety. I provide services exclusively online (tele-health) to emphasise flexibility and scheduling convenience (eliminating travel and parking hassles) while ensuring increased privacy in the comfort in your own environment. My primary approach to therapy emphasises Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing methods that are underscored and influenced by Ericksonian Approaches to hypnosis and psychotherapy. I also have a strong passion for providing clinical supervision and services to other professionals.
(02) 8294 2030 View (02) 8294 2030
Photo of Dana Mitrovic, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Dana Mitrovic
Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
Not accepting new clients
My ideal client is one who is experiencing difficulties in their life and seeking support in working through this. I work with clients from a large range of mental health presentations. I have a strong focus on the development of our adult selves through our early developmental experiences and working toward changing unhelpful patterns in your life to create a better present and future.
My ideal client is one who is experiencing difficulties in their life and seeking support in working through this. I work with clients from a large range of mental health presentations. I have a strong focus on the development of our adult selves through our early developmental experiences and working toward changing unhelpful patterns in your life to create a better present and future.
(02) 9630 0451 View (02) 9630 0451
Photo of Katalin Janssens, Psychotherapist in Rydalmere, NSW
Katalin Janssens
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
My professional mission is assisting clients at various stages in life especially when changes are hard to deal with. Times that we experience losses, we grieve for loosing jobs, loosing loved ones, or loosing our own identity. I bring to my practice not only comprehensive knowledge of therapeutic techniques but also a deep empathy from my own experiences with losses. By guiding individuals through the seemingly insurmountable pain, I empower them to navigate their grief with resilience and courage. My therapeutic approach helps clients handle their suffering and find growth opportunities as they courageously rebuild their lives.
My professional mission is assisting clients at various stages in life especially when changes are hard to deal with. Times that we experience losses, we grieve for loosing jobs, loosing loved ones, or loosing our own identity. I bring to my practice not only comprehensive knowledge of therapeutic techniques but also a deep empathy from my own experiences with losses. By guiding individuals through the seemingly insurmountable pain, I empower them to navigate their grief with resilience and courage. My therapeutic approach helps clients handle their suffering and find growth opportunities as they courageously rebuild their lives.
(02) 9630 0451 View (02) 9630 0451
Photo of Mathew Marchant, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Mathew Marchant
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
Mathew is an empathic and understanding Clinical Psychologist who enjoys helping clients explore their difficulties and pursue meaningful changes in their lives. He has extensive experience working with a diverse range of issues, including anxiety, depression, burnout, self-confidence, trauma, grief, and adjustment to major life changes. Mathew has a special interest in working with addiction. He has previously served at addiction centres and gambling clinics, including the Centre for Addiction Medicine at Cumberland Hospital. He has also facilitated training workshops in Sydney and interstate. 
Mathew is an empathic and understanding Clinical Psychologist who enjoys helping clients explore their difficulties and pursue meaningful changes in their lives. He has extensive experience working with a diverse range of issues, including anxiety, depression, burnout, self-confidence, trauma, grief, and adjustment to major life changes. Mathew has a special interest in working with addiction. He has previously served at addiction centres and gambling clinics, including the Centre for Addiction Medicine at Cumberland Hospital. He has also facilitated training workshops in Sydney and interstate. 
(02) 8074 5731 View (02) 8074 5731
Photo of Shareen Birges in Rydalmere, NSW
Shareen Birges
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
I have been a counsellor, case manager & youth worker since 2008. Prior to 2016 I worked primarily with young people & their families, however I can & have worked with people across the age spectrum, all with unique & varied needs. Counselling is an individual experience & I want you to feel that no matter what, your needs are important. This is why I aim to provide an accessible, affordable & sustainable service. I believe I can help you on your journey towards the best version of yourself. Contact me for a free 15 minute phone consult & see if you agree.
I have been a counsellor, case manager & youth worker since 2008. Prior to 2016 I worked primarily with young people & their families, however I can & have worked with people across the age spectrum, all with unique & varied needs. Counselling is an individual experience & I want you to feel that no matter what, your needs are important. This is why I aim to provide an accessible, affordable & sustainable service. I believe I can help you on your journey towards the best version of yourself. Contact me for a free 15 minute phone consult & see if you agree.
(02) 9159 6730 View (02) 9159 6730
Photo of Adaptive Growth Psychology, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Adaptive Growth Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116  (Online Only)
As a Registered Psychologist with over 12 years experience I am dedicated to providing evidence-based therapies to support individuals facing a variety of challenges. I offer convenient Telehealth psychology services from the comfort of your home. This allows you to have a comfortable and safe place to support you in your therapy goals. I aim to reduce stress and burnout, improve wellbeing and mental health and bring back joy in your values in life.
As a Registered Psychologist with over 12 years experience I am dedicated to providing evidence-based therapies to support individuals facing a variety of challenges. I offer convenient Telehealth psychology services from the comfort of your home. This allows you to have a comfortable and safe place to support you in your therapy goals. I aim to reduce stress and burnout, improve wellbeing and mental health and bring back joy in your values in life.
(02) 5944 1704 View (02) 5944 1704
Photo of Willow Tree Counselling, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Willow Tree Counselling
Psychologist, MA, Assoc MAPS
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
Willow Tree Counselling service is a specialised counselling service for people who have experienced Trauma and Attachment issues and other difficult life experiences. My approach is informed by research about the remarkable ability of people to survive and thrive after experiencing trauma. I am informed by practiced based evidence (Scott Miller) which means the therapy is tailored around what works for you. This means that I will check in with you throughout your therapy to see how helpful it is for you and adjust our focus so that you get an individualised therapy and, most importantly, one that you find helpful.
Willow Tree Counselling service is a specialised counselling service for people who have experienced Trauma and Attachment issues and other difficult life experiences. My approach is informed by research about the remarkable ability of people to survive and thrive after experiencing trauma. I am informed by practiced based evidence (Scott Miller) which means the therapy is tailored around what works for you. This means that I will check in with you throughout your therapy to see how helpful it is for you and adjust our focus so that you get an individualised therapy and, most importantly, one that you find helpful.
(02) 9053 4696 View (02) 9053 4696
Photo of Emma Chow | Kindred Filial Play Corner, Psychotherapist in Rydalmere, NSW
Emma Chow | Kindred Filial Play Corner
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
Somewhere along the way, there has been a rupture between you and your child. You are constantly overwhelmed by their BIG emotions and behaviours, and you are doing your best to respond differently from your default parenting patterns. Maybe they've been through something big. You desire a stronger, more secure and trusting relationship with your child. You dream of fostering co-operation and harmonious sibling (and peer) relationships. Your really want to support them in their growth, development and wellbeing.
Somewhere along the way, there has been a rupture between you and your child. You are constantly overwhelmed by their BIG emotions and behaviours, and you are doing your best to respond differently from your default parenting patterns. Maybe they've been through something big. You desire a stronger, more secure and trusting relationship with your child. You dream of fostering co-operation and harmonious sibling (and peer) relationships. Your really want to support them in their growth, development and wellbeing.
(02) 7804 4503 View (02) 7804 4503
Photo of Shannon Grassby, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Shannon Grassby
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Rydalmere, NSW 2116
I primarily work with neurodivergent children, adolescents and their families to support them to understand their unique strengths and differences, to understand the challenges they are facing and to work collaboratively together to build skills, an understanding of themselves and to achieve their goals. I also support neurodivergent adults and families to understand themselves and their parenting. I believe in building strong rapport with my clients through my open, relaxed, down-to-earth and playful approach and ensuring that above all, my clients feel safe.
I primarily work with neurodivergent children, adolescents and their families to support them to understand their unique strengths and differences, to understand the challenges they are facing and to work collaboratively together to build skills, an understanding of themselves and to achieve their goals. I also support neurodivergent adults and families to understand themselves and their parenting. I believe in building strong rapport with my clients through my open, relaxed, down-to-earth and playful approach and ensuring that above all, my clients feel safe.
(02) 8503 8031 View (02) 8503 8031

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of An Chu, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
An Chu
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Rhodes, NSW 2138
An Chu is a Registered Psychologist with a demonstrated history of providing mental health support across government organisations, NGOs, and the private sector. He completed his Bachelor of Psychological Science (Honours) at the University of New South Wales and holds a Master's degree in Professional Psychology from Western Sydney University, where he was awarded a place on the Dean's Merit List for outstanding achievement. An is trained in various therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT).
An Chu is a Registered Psychologist with a demonstrated history of providing mental health support across government organisations, NGOs, and the private sector. He completed his Bachelor of Psychological Science (Honours) at the University of New South Wales and holds a Master's degree in Professional Psychology from Western Sydney University, where he was awarded a place on the Dean's Merit List for outstanding achievement. An is trained in various therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT).
(02) 9159 6114 View (02) 9159 6114
Photo of Arzo Hayatullah, Counsellor in Rydalmere, NSW
Arzo Hayatullah
Counsellor, MC, PACFA
Verified Verified
Parramatta, NSW 2150
I am a qualified, skilled and highly experienced therapist. My approach is warm, compassionate and effective. I am committed to working in collaboration with each client to develop an individualised course of therapy that works. I know that everyone's needs are different so I tailor therapy accordingly. I offer both short term counselling to target specific issues and longer term therapy to identify, explore, and resolve the deeper underlying drivers of distress so that you can move towards living a life of choice, freedom and peace.
I am a qualified, skilled and highly experienced therapist. My approach is warm, compassionate and effective. I am committed to working in collaboration with each client to develop an individualised course of therapy that works. I know that everyone's needs are different so I tailor therapy accordingly. I offer both short term counselling to target specific issues and longer term therapy to identify, explore, and resolve the deeper underlying drivers of distress so that you can move towards living a life of choice, freedom and peace.
(02) 8609 3637 View (02) 8609 3637
Photo of Nick Cherrie, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Nick Cherrie
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Parramatta, NSW 2150
I'm a registered Psychologist, and primarily utilise CBT and interpersonal therapy to assist clients with a range of mental health concerns, from relationship problems, to work and study stressors, to anxiety or depression.
I'm a registered Psychologist, and primarily utilise CBT and interpersonal therapy to assist clients with a range of mental health concerns, from relationship problems, to work and study stressors, to anxiety or depression.
(02) 7804 4981 View (02) 7804 4981
Photo of Mandy Witt Therapy, Counsellor in Rydalmere, NSW
Mandy Witt Therapy
Counsellor, MC, CCAA Prov
Verified Verified
Parramatta, NSW 2150
I specialise in couple and individual counselling. I offer compassionate, informed counselling support to couples and individuals experiencing • Anxiety • Depression • Trauma and PTSD • Grief and Loss • Relationship problems • Anger Management troubles • Conception and Pregnancy concerns • Stress Management difficulties • Parenting issues • Childhood Trauma • Self-esteem issues
I specialise in couple and individual counselling. I offer compassionate, informed counselling support to couples and individuals experiencing • Anxiety • Depression • Trauma and PTSD • Grief and Loss • Relationship problems • Anger Management troubles • Conception and Pregnancy concerns • Stress Management difficulties • Parenting issues • Childhood Trauma • Self-esteem issues
(02) 8403 0403 View (02) 8403 0403
Photo of Miriam Wilkinson in Rydalmere, NSW
Miriam Wilkinson
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Parramatta, NSW 2150
Life experience has shown me that, given the right kind of support, we can overcome incredible challenges and build the life we want. The desire to create positive change is one of the fundamental strengths of the human spirit, and can be applied to any life area.
Life experience has shown me that, given the right kind of support, we can overcome incredible challenges and build the life we want. The desire to create positive change is one of the fundamental strengths of the human spirit, and can be applied to any life area.
(02) 8403 2892 View (02) 8403 2892
Photo of Xanthe Katsouras, Psychotherapist in Rydalmere, NSW
Xanthe Katsouras
Psychotherapist, PsychD, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Parramatta, NSW 2150
Are you struggling to find a balance in your life? do you feel out of control, even though you keep trying to take charge?...I am here to support you in creating a more grounded experience of self, and support your ability to engage with life in a beneficial way. My specialty is work with clients who are struggling with relationships, self-esteem, identity and work/life balance. I have 5years experience in the addictions field, which has deepened my understanding of the emotional/mental imbalances we all carry. I work with clients both individually and in groups.
Are you struggling to find a balance in your life? do you feel out of control, even though you keep trying to take charge?...I am here to support you in creating a more grounded experience of self, and support your ability to engage with life in a beneficial way. My specialty is work with clients who are struggling with relationships, self-esteem, identity and work/life balance. I have 5years experience in the addictions field, which has deepened my understanding of the emotional/mental imbalances we all carry. I work with clients both individually and in groups.
(02) 9100 0085 View (02) 9100 0085
Photo of Huma Ali, Counsellor in Rydalmere, NSW
Huma Ali
Counsellor, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Parramatta, NSW 2150
You desire to live a life that feels fulfilling and meaningful. You may feel stuck and unsure, fearful, and alone. Or perhaps at the point where you are ready to work through your trauma to lovingly allow it to find its place in your being. One of the basic needs of us as humans is connection and it is my experience that many of us are lacking this much needed sense of belonging. Together we can explore your desires, where you feel blocked & what you might begin to change to grow and thrive. It can feel challenging and you may want to give up at times ... but I am here to help you find a place where you feel most alive.
You desire to live a life that feels fulfilling and meaningful. You may feel stuck and unsure, fearful, and alone. Or perhaps at the point where you are ready to work through your trauma to lovingly allow it to find its place in your being. One of the basic needs of us as humans is connection and it is my experience that many of us are lacking this much needed sense of belonging. Together we can explore your desires, where you feel blocked & what you might begin to change to grow and thrive. It can feel challenging and you may want to give up at times ... but I am here to help you find a place where you feel most alive.
(02) 8806 1169 View (02) 8806 1169
Photo of Paths with Purpose, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rydalmere, NSW
Paths with Purpose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
North Parramatta, NSW 2151  (Online Only)
I provide neuro-affirming mental health counselling for women experiencing issues with emotional regulation, burnout, ADHD, relationships, communication, and workplace issues. I also support women with hormonal conditions such as PMDD or perimenopause, and those who have experienced reproductive trauma such as infertility or miscarriage. If you are feeling exhausted, burnt out, and struggling with managing life demands, I will provide you with a safe space to express your feelings and frustrations, and teach you real strategies to feel more in control of your changing emotions and behaviors.
I provide neuro-affirming mental health counselling for women experiencing issues with emotional regulation, burnout, ADHD, relationships, communication, and workplace issues. I also support women with hormonal conditions such as PMDD or perimenopause, and those who have experienced reproductive trauma such as infertility or miscarriage. If you are feeling exhausted, burnt out, and struggling with managing life demands, I will provide you with a safe space to express your feelings and frustrations, and teach you real strategies to feel more in control of your changing emotions and behaviors.
(02) 7804 4944 View (02) 7804 4944
Photo of Sydney Psych Hub, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Sydney Psych Hub
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Carlingford, NSW 2118
We are a warm, safe and compassionate psychology practice located in the heart of Castle Hill. Our highly skilled and qualified Psychologists provide the best possible treatments to help people with all types of mental health conditions. We will take the time to understand who you are as a person and help you to overcome life’s challenges to achieve your personal goals and reach your full potential. Visit our website www.sydneypsychhub.com.au
We are a warm, safe and compassionate psychology practice located in the heart of Castle Hill. Our highly skilled and qualified Psychologists provide the best possible treatments to help people with all types of mental health conditions. We will take the time to understand who you are as a person and help you to overcome life’s challenges to achieve your personal goals and reach your full potential. Visit our website www.sydneypsychhub.com.au
(02) 9054 7830 View (02) 9054 7830
Photo of Sydney Hills Counselling, Counsellor in Rydalmere, NSW
Sydney Hills Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
North Rocks, NSW 2151
Hello and welcome. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor specialising in trauma, anxiety, Family and Domestic Violence, depression, parenting issues, LGBTQ+, infertility, grief and loss, and relationship/separation issues for individuals and families. I am an Approved Counsellor with Victims Services NSW and the NDIS. My approach to counselling focuses on your own unique strengths to build inner resilience with each session tailored to your specific needs and goals. Sometimes just being able to talk through your issues and gain some fresh perspective will help you to work towards a more positive future.
Hello and welcome. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor specialising in trauma, anxiety, Family and Domestic Violence, depression, parenting issues, LGBTQ+, infertility, grief and loss, and relationship/separation issues for individuals and families. I am an Approved Counsellor with Victims Services NSW and the NDIS. My approach to counselling focuses on your own unique strengths to build inner resilience with each session tailored to your specific needs and goals. Sometimes just being able to talk through your issues and gain some fresh perspective will help you to work towards a more positive future.
(02) 9159 6277 View (02) 9159 6277
Photo of Srishti Yadav, Psychologist in Rydalmere, NSW
Srishti Yadav
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Parramatta, NSW 2150
Srishti is a warm and empathic Clinical Psychologist, who is passionate about delivering the best care to her clients. She works alongside you to first understand your goals and then tailors therapy to meet your needs. Srishti has a background in clinical research, which combined with her postgraduate training, informs her evidence-based approach to therapy.
Srishti is a warm and empathic Clinical Psychologist, who is passionate about delivering the best care to her clients. She works alongside you to first understand your goals and then tailors therapy to meet your needs. Srishti has a background in clinical research, which combined with her postgraduate training, informs her evidence-based approach to therapy.
(02) 7804 4398 View (02) 7804 4398

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Rydalmere, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Rydalmere, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
89% Depression
89% Self Esteem
89% Stress
78% Trauma and PTSD
67% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Bupa
100% Medicare Rebates
50% Other

How Counsellors in Rydalmere, NSW see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Rydalmere?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.