There are no results for counsellors in Glendalough

Check out counsellors located nearby or offering teletherapy in Western Australia below.

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Natalie Fairclough, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Natalie Fairclough
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Natalie is a Senior Clinical Psychologist and psychotherapist with over 20 years of experience in adult community mental health services. She specialises in individual therapy in the areas of depression, anxiety, trauma, character disorders, grief and loss, interpersonal difficulties, family relationship difficulties, difficult childhood experiences, and relationship and marital difficulties. Natalie has helped people to overcome troubling symptoms, resolve traumas and losses in life, and more successfully deal with the challenges that life brings along the way. Waitlist status: Currently Accepting New Referrals.
Natalie is a Senior Clinical Psychologist and psychotherapist with over 20 years of experience in adult community mental health services. She specialises in individual therapy in the areas of depression, anxiety, trauma, character disorders, grief and loss, interpersonal difficulties, family relationship difficulties, difficult childhood experiences, and relationship and marital difficulties. Natalie has helped people to overcome troubling symptoms, resolve traumas and losses in life, and more successfully deal with the challenges that life brings along the way. Waitlist status: Currently Accepting New Referrals.
(08) 6490 9101 View (08) 6490 9101
Photo of AURE: Psychology, Counselling & Therapy, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
AURE: Psychology, Counselling & Therapy
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
I am currently embarking on my PhD journey. Please note that I am currently taking on returning clients, selected clinical cases of trauma/ complex-trauma, family of origin challenges and autism/ADHD assessments, clinical supervision and professional development. I have over 15 years of clinical experience working with children to adults and have worked in private, NGO and government sectors
I am currently embarking on my PhD journey. Please note that I am currently taking on returning clients, selected clinical cases of trauma/ complex-trauma, family of origin challenges and autism/ADHD assessments, clinical supervision and professional development. I have over 15 years of clinical experience working with children to adults and have worked in private, NGO and government sectors
(08) 7701 9633 View (08) 7701 9633
Photo of Francesca Palazzolo, Psychotherapist in Glendalough, WA
Francesca Palazzolo
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are struggling with a porn or sex addiction, (or have concerns about a partner/family member) a supportive, understanding therapist who understands your unique situation can be vital part of your recovery plan.
I am a counsellor & psychotherapist working in the existential humanist tradition. I work with all sorts of issues including mental health, addictive behaviours and relationship issues to name a few. I am registered with PACFA (Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation Australia) which is the national peak body for counsellors and psychotherapists in Australia and have experience in youth mental health, alcohol and other drugs counselling and general counselling. If you are experiencing issues with any emotional concerns, anxiety, substance use, addiction, including behavioural addictions, please do not hesitate to reach out.
If you are struggling with a porn or sex addiction, (or have concerns about a partner/family member) a supportive, understanding therapist who understands your unique situation can be vital part of your recovery plan.
I am a counsellor & psychotherapist working in the existential humanist tradition. I work with all sorts of issues including mental health, addictive behaviours and relationship issues to name a few. I am registered with PACFA (Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation Australia) which is the national peak body for counsellors and psychotherapists in Australia and have experience in youth mental health, alcohol and other drugs counselling and general counselling. If you are experiencing issues with any emotional concerns, anxiety, substance use, addiction, including behavioural addictions, please do not hesitate to reach out.
(03) 6118 7251 View (03) 6118 7251
Photo of Margot Trinder, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Margot Trinder
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I am a warm and experienced psychologist working with adults across the lifespan to address a broad range of issues. I bring deep respect and awareness to how each person's story, needs and circumstances are different. I draw from my decades of experience and professional training across a wide range of therapeutic modalities. My work is guided by a strong systemic approach: seeing all parts of a person, as well as the layers of relationships, family, work, culture and society that have and continue to influence and shape us. My approach ensures that each person I work with receives support tailored specifically for them.
I am a warm and experienced psychologist working with adults across the lifespan to address a broad range of issues. I bring deep respect and awareness to how each person's story, needs and circumstances are different. I draw from my decades of experience and professional training across a wide range of therapeutic modalities. My work is guided by a strong systemic approach: seeing all parts of a person, as well as the layers of relationships, family, work, culture and society that have and continue to influence and shape us. My approach ensures that each person I work with receives support tailored specifically for them.
(07) 5240 9828 View (07) 5240 9828
Photo of Elena Beutel in Glendalough, WA
Elena Beutel
MPsych
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! No GP referral is required. Psychotherapist and Certified Coach focused on empowering clients to achieve sound mental health, fulfilling relationships and careers. My clients typically experience some of these challenges: low mood, low self-esteem, narcissistic abuse, emotional swings, irritability, anxiety, social relationship difficulties, addictions, psychosomatic symptoms, family and work conflict, lack of energy. I am a wife, a mother of two, an immigrant, a professional, a Christian... I am here to build you up, there is nothing you can tell me that will scare or discourage me from helping you.
Accepting new clients! No GP referral is required. Psychotherapist and Certified Coach focused on empowering clients to achieve sound mental health, fulfilling relationships and careers. My clients typically experience some of these challenges: low mood, low self-esteem, narcissistic abuse, emotional swings, irritability, anxiety, social relationship difficulties, addictions, psychosomatic symptoms, family and work conflict, lack of energy. I am a wife, a mother of two, an immigrant, a professional, a Christian... I am here to build you up, there is nothing you can tell me that will scare or discourage me from helping you.
(02) 5950 6462 View (02) 5950 6462
Photo of Stacey Roy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glendalough, WA
Stacey Roy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I offer Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), EMDR, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Somatic Psychotherapy, to establish a safe connection with your body, regulate your nervous system, and nurture a compassionate relationship with yourself.
Welcome! My name is Stacey (she/her) and I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker (AMHSW), Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician (CEDC) and Registered Yoga Teacher (RYT). I am passionate about mental healthcare that considers all aspects of a person's wellbeing — mind, body, spirit, environment, and community. In my clinical practice, I specialise in supporting those experiencing complex trauma (including Borderline Personality Disorder) and eating disorders.
I offer Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), EMDR, Internal Family Systems (IFS), and Somatic Psychotherapy, to establish a safe connection with your body, regulate your nervous system, and nurture a compassionate relationship with yourself.
Welcome! My name is Stacey (she/her) and I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker (AMHSW), Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician (CEDC) and Registered Yoga Teacher (RYT). I am passionate about mental healthcare that considers all aspects of a person's wellbeing — mind, body, spirit, environment, and community. In my clinical practice, I specialise in supporting those experiencing complex trauma (including Borderline Personality Disorder) and eating disorders.
(08) 7008 9472 View (08) 7008 9472
Photo of Carly Dober, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Carly Dober
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
I work with people of various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds in both specialist health services (justice, family violence), schools (from Prep to Year 12) and specialist mental health services (adult residential services). I also facilitate group wellbeing programs for individuals & businesses, and have co-facilitated group workshops focused on teaching people practical skills to manage distress. I work best with people who are ready to take what we discuss in session, and implement this in their lives. I am a Director on the board with Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi).
I work with people of various cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds in both specialist health services (justice, family violence), schools (from Prep to Year 12) and specialist mental health services (adult residential services). I also facilitate group wellbeing programs for individuals & businesses, and have co-facilitated group workshops focused on teaching people practical skills to manage distress. I work best with people who are ready to take what we discuss in session, and implement this in their lives. I am a Director on the board with Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi).
1300 286 125 View 1300 286 125
Photo of Dr Sue Miller, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Dr Sue Miller
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000
I get it. I’ve been there. The dark nights of the soul. The loneliness. Feeling lost. Feeling hopeless. I survived my sister’s suicide at 20, more grief when my 44 year old brother died suddenly and then breast cancer at 39. I was born a healer. Born into a dysfunctional family where aggression was the norm; a mother with BPD and psychotic depression, a father with social anxiety. My 20s were a shit show and I have climbed my way to success and recovery since then. My mission is to give you a shortcut learnt from my journey into self-respect, self-love, purpose and meaning. Importantly, for you to also know your Divinity within.
I get it. I’ve been there. The dark nights of the soul. The loneliness. Feeling lost. Feeling hopeless. I survived my sister’s suicide at 20, more grief when my 44 year old brother died suddenly and then breast cancer at 39. I was born a healer. Born into a dysfunctional family where aggression was the norm; a mother with BPD and psychotic depression, a father with social anxiety. My 20s were a shit show and I have climbed my way to success and recovery since then. My mission is to give you a shortcut learnt from my journey into self-respect, self-love, purpose and meaning. Importantly, for you to also know your Divinity within.
0422 515 255 View 0422 515 255
Photo of Rhiannon Derrig, Psychotherapist in Glendalough, WA
Rhiannon Derrig
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
As a clincial psychotherapist and registered psychosexual therapist, I specialise in helping individuals with trauma and PTSD, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties, including intimacy and trust. I am also passionate about providing support for navigating gendered, sexual, racial, and neuro diversity, and cultural identities, who may experience discrimination or internalised stigma. Centering unconditional positive regard, I work closely with the client to deeply explore how their past experiences, current situations, family background, and social elements of their lives have impacted their wellbeing.
As a clincial psychotherapist and registered psychosexual therapist, I specialise in helping individuals with trauma and PTSD, self-esteem issues, relationship issues, and sexual difficulties, including intimacy and trust. I am also passionate about providing support for navigating gendered, sexual, racial, and neuro diversity, and cultural identities, who may experience discrimination or internalised stigma. Centering unconditional positive regard, I work closely with the client to deeply explore how their past experiences, current situations, family background, and social elements of their lives have impacted their wellbeing.
(02) 9100 0199 View (02) 9100 0199
Photo of Kinship Psychology Services, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Kinship Psychology Services
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
West Leederville, WA 6007
We believe that not only is our sense of connection with our friends and family important, so is the connection to our own emotions, our sense of purpose and to our our community.
At Kinship, our central focus is to cultivate a safe and trustworthy environment. So that those seeking help feel emotionally comfortable and are able to connect with our dedicated, compassionate and skilled professionals. Here, we collaborate with our clients, emphasising a strengths-based approach to achieve lasting therapeutic outcomes. We work with people who have experienced trauma in their life, those feeling emotional distress, suicidal thoughts or relationship difficulties and those who are experiencing mental illnesses such as PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, complex grief, stress or adjustment difficulties.
We believe that not only is our sense of connection with our friends and family important, so is the connection to our own emotions, our sense of purpose and to our our community.
At Kinship, our central focus is to cultivate a safe and trustworthy environment. So that those seeking help feel emotionally comfortable and are able to connect with our dedicated, compassionate and skilled professionals. Here, we collaborate with our clients, emphasising a strengths-based approach to achieve lasting therapeutic outcomes. We work with people who have experienced trauma in their life, those feeling emotional distress, suicidal thoughts or relationship difficulties and those who are experiencing mental illnesses such as PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, complex grief, stress or adjustment difficulties.
(08) 6490 9050 View (08) 6490 9050
Photo of Monica Doyle Couples Therapy and Trauma Specialist in Glendalough, WA
Monica Doyle Couples Therapy and Trauma Specialist
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I helped many couples find balance and compromise, free from rigidity, misconceptions and limiting beliefs, enriching their family lives.
In yet another fight with your significant other? 'We need to talk.' sends shivers down your spine? Tired of not being heard or understood? Not being able to communicate effectively? Unable to move on from infidelity? Or perhaps you have suffered a traumatic event that follows you and triggers painful emotions up to this day?
I helped many couples find balance and compromise, free from rigidity, misconceptions and limiting beliefs, enriching their family lives.
In yet another fight with your significant other? 'We need to talk.' sends shivers down your spine? Tired of not being heard or understood? Not being able to communicate effectively? Unable to move on from infidelity? Or perhaps you have suffered a traumatic event that follows you and triggers painful emotions up to this day?
(03) 5905 7013 View (03) 5905 7013
Photo of MoonGrove Counselling - Tamara , Counsellor in Glendalough, WA
MoonGrove Counselling - Tamara
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
We are all constantly evolving and this can present difficult challenges, often impacted by family, social and cultural conditioning, religious and gender-based beliefs, roles, and biases. You might want to challenge this conditioning and these constraints. Understanding this within ourself, our relationships, and our families can be complex. You might realise that your sexual, relationship, and gender identities and preferences may be different from societal expectations, so you may struggle internally to accept who you are and your ability to live authentically. We need safe and appropriate support to navigate these changes.
We are all constantly evolving and this can present difficult challenges, often impacted by family, social and cultural conditioning, religious and gender-based beliefs, roles, and biases. You might want to challenge this conditioning and these constraints. Understanding this within ourself, our relationships, and our families can be complex. You might realise that your sexual, relationship, and gender identities and preferences may be different from societal expectations, so you may struggle internally to accept who you are and your ability to live authentically. We need safe and appropriate support to navigate these changes.
(03) 7302 8903 View (03) 7302 8903
Photo of Alicia Garrett , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glendalough, WA
Alicia Garrett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
Hi, I'm Alicia. I am passionate about providing specialist mental health support. I have worked with teens, adults and families experiencing a diverse range of difficulties including; anxiety, depression, family violence, relationship difficulties/breakdowns, personality disorders, complex trauma/trauma, disordered eating, low self-esteem and substance misuse. I believe in developing respectful, authentic and open-minded relationships with each person I work with. My approach is inclusive, relaxed and when appropriate humorous and playful.
Hi, I'm Alicia. I am passionate about providing specialist mental health support. I have worked with teens, adults and families experiencing a diverse range of difficulties including; anxiety, depression, family violence, relationship difficulties/breakdowns, personality disorders, complex trauma/trauma, disordered eating, low self-esteem and substance misuse. I believe in developing respectful, authentic and open-minded relationships with each person I work with. My approach is inclusive, relaxed and when appropriate humorous and playful.
(07) 5240 9990 View (07) 5240 9990
Photo of Coby Liew - Registered Psychotherapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glendalough, WA
Coby Liew - Registered Psychotherapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsychD, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
Welcome to my profile! I've dedicated my life to helping people of all ages and backgrounds navigate their way through life's challenges, and I do so with compassion, care, and empathy. I was born in Borneo, identify as gay, and have experience living in different countries and cultures. I offer more than ten years of clinical experience in counselling and psychotherapy, specialising in loss and grief, gender and sexuality, complex trauma and abuse, attachment issues, ASD, ADHD, personality disorders, relationship and intimacy issues, anger management, family conflicts, workplace bullying, and intercultural adjustment issues.
Welcome to my profile! I've dedicated my life to helping people of all ages and backgrounds navigate their way through life's challenges, and I do so with compassion, care, and empathy. I was born in Borneo, identify as gay, and have experience living in different countries and cultures. I offer more than ten years of clinical experience in counselling and psychotherapy, specialising in loss and grief, gender and sexuality, complex trauma and abuse, attachment issues, ASD, ADHD, personality disorders, relationship and intimacy issues, anger management, family conflicts, workplace bullying, and intercultural adjustment issues.
(03) 8595 5297 View (03) 8595 5297
Photo of Dettie Onus Browne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glendalough, WA
Dettie Onus Browne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000  (Online Only)
I’ve worked in community services over the past 10 years with experience working in mental health, family violence, homelessness, alcohol and other drugs, disability & supporting people leaving custody.
Hello, I’m Dettie, a white, non-binary queer and trans person living on the unceded land of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation. I’m a qualified social worker and therapist, providing online counselling for individuals, couples, and families. I have a passion for working with LGBTIQA+ people and their families, from supporting survivors of conversion and suppression practices to providing guidance for how caregivers can best support their LGBTIQA+ loved ones. I take a collaborative and transparent approach in planning therapeutic interventions and support plans.
I’ve worked in community services over the past 10 years with experience working in mental health, family violence, homelessness, alcohol and other drugs, disability & supporting people leaving custody.
Hello, I’m Dettie, a white, non-binary queer and trans person living on the unceded land of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation. I’m a qualified social worker and therapist, providing online counselling for individuals, couples, and families. I have a passion for working with LGBTIQA+ people and their families, from supporting survivors of conversion and suppression practices to providing guidance for how caregivers can best support their LGBTIQA+ loved ones. I take a collaborative and transparent approach in planning therapeutic interventions and support plans.
(03) 7302 2732 View (03) 7302 2732
Photo of Interconnect Therapy, Psychotherapist in Glendalough, WA
Interconnect Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, AAFT
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
Families, couples and individuals seek my services because they want help to express and explore difficult thoughts and emotions safely, they want to understand each other’s experiences and views, appreciate each other’s needs, build on strengths and make useful changes in their relationships and their lives. My clients often comment that my sessions have provided them an opportunity to reflect on themselves and how they interact in their relationships which helps them understand their own behaviours better, thus finding ways forward - either as an individual or as a couple and family.
Families, couples and individuals seek my services because they want help to express and explore difficult thoughts and emotions safely, they want to understand each other’s experiences and views, appreciate each other’s needs, build on strengths and make useful changes in their relationships and their lives. My clients often comment that my sessions have provided them an opportunity to reflect on themselves and how they interact in their relationships which helps them understand their own behaviours better, thus finding ways forward - either as an individual or as a couple and family.
(08) 7701 9554 View (08) 7701 9554
Photo of Jennie Fitzhardinge, Counsellor in Glendalough, WA
Jennie Fitzhardinge
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I work with highly sensitive people who struggle with intense emotions and their aftermath. Sometimes they may feel like they are feeling everything, all at once, at other times nothing at all. They may have experienced a big trauma, or lots of little ones. My clients come to learn how to navigate the emotional highs and lows, be a better friend and partner (and find better friends and partners) and overcome their difficulties to build a life that is meaningful and rich to them. I work with adolescents and their families and adults of all ages. I also work with carers (family and friends) of people with mental health challenges.
I work with highly sensitive people who struggle with intense emotions and their aftermath. Sometimes they may feel like they are feeling everything, all at once, at other times nothing at all. They may have experienced a big trauma, or lots of little ones. My clients come to learn how to navigate the emotional highs and lows, be a better friend and partner (and find better friends and partners) and overcome their difficulties to build a life that is meaningful and rich to them. I work with adolescents and their families and adults of all ages. I also work with carers (family and friends) of people with mental health challenges.
(08) 6219 3991 View (08) 6219 3991
Photo of VH Psychology, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
VH Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
Some areas I can help are: Anxiety; Assertiveness; Burnout; Confidence; Depression; Aged Care; Family; Grief; Parenting; Physical injuries; Relationships; Self-esteem; Sleep difficulty and Stress.
I have over 10 years' experience a Registered Psychologist with Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency, and a member of the Australian Psychological Society. I work as a client centered Psychologist who aims to build a safe space where clients can strive for improved well being. I work with adults, couples and adolescents.
Some areas I can help are: Anxiety; Assertiveness; Burnout; Confidence; Depression; Aged Care; Family; Grief; Parenting; Physical injuries; Relationships; Self-esteem; Sleep difficulty and Stress.
I have over 10 years' experience a Registered Psychologist with Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency, and a member of the Australian Psychological Society. I work as a client centered Psychologist who aims to build a safe space where clients can strive for improved well being. I work with adults, couples and adolescents.
(08) 7079 4247 View (08) 7079 4247
Photo of Lotte Fossland, Psychologist in Glendalough, WA
Lotte Fossland
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Perth, WA 6000
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
My name is Lotte, I work with teenagers, adults and elderly clients, specializing in childhood trauma/PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have a background in family counselling and find it very meaningful to explore intergenerational or parenting issues with my clients! I provide EMDR and Schema therapy and CBT for depression and anxiety. Recently I improved my skills in therapies to elderly (65+) clients, by providing more flexibility, being family- and support orientated. I would also like to see you if body image/low self-esteem, sexuality and gender issues are a challenge. I have been told I am a friendly and genuine psychologist!
(08) 9473 6312 View (08) 9473 6312
Photo of Nadia Kidgell, Counsellor in Glendalough, WA
Nadia Kidgell
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Perth, WA 6000
Hello! I’m Nadia Kidgell, and I’m passionate about family therapy. As the principal counsellor at Discovery Family Therapy, I specialize in working with children and their families around several critical areas such as ADHD, Autism, Grief and Loss, Eating Disorders, Trauma and Crisis as well as Divorce and Separation.
Hello! I’m Nadia Kidgell, and I’m passionate about family therapy. As the principal counsellor at Discovery Family Therapy, I specialize in working with children and their families around several critical areas such as ADHD, Autism, Grief and Loss, Eating Disorders, Trauma and Crisis as well as Divorce and Separation.
(08) 6147 0116 View (08) 6147 0116
Family Therapy Counsellors

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.