Counselling in Spotswood, VIC

Photo of Christine Harris, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Christine Harris
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Christine is a Clinical Psychologist who has a special interest in supporting clients to process and understand past trauma and move beyond issues that have held them back. She also has a special interest in supporting clients who are experiencing fertility issues and undertaking ART, as well as those who are experiencing general adjustment issues, depression and anxiety. Christine believes that everyone has the ability to change and lead a more fulfilling and content life. She works collaboratively with clients to develop goals and strategies and finds that therapy works best when clients are able to play an active role.
Christine is a Clinical Psychologist who has a special interest in supporting clients to process and understand past trauma and move beyond issues that have held them back. She also has a special interest in supporting clients who are experiencing fertility issues and undertaking ART, as well as those who are experiencing general adjustment issues, depression and anxiety. Christine believes that everyone has the ability to change and lead a more fulfilling and content life. She works collaboratively with clients to develop goals and strategies and finds that therapy works best when clients are able to play an active role.
(03) 9111 5326 View (03) 9111 5326
Photo of Liz O'Dea, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spotswood, VIC
Liz O'Dea
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Would you like closer, healthier or more fulfilling relationships? Are you, or one of your loved ones, going through a difficult time? If so, I can help! As a Mental Health Social Worker and Clinical Family Therapist, I am interested in relationship-focused therapy. I provide couples counselling, family counselling, child or adolescent counselling and individual counselling. I can help you with relationship conflict, disconnection, intimacy and trust, parenting challenges, mental health (anxiety, depression, stress, anger), parent-child attachment, grief and loss, family life-cycle changes, and blended family dynamics.
Would you like closer, healthier or more fulfilling relationships? Are you, or one of your loved ones, going through a difficult time? If so, I can help! As a Mental Health Social Worker and Clinical Family Therapist, I am interested in relationship-focused therapy. I provide couples counselling, family counselling, child or adolescent counselling and individual counselling. I can help you with relationship conflict, disconnection, intimacy and trust, parenting challenges, mental health (anxiety, depression, stress, anger), parent-child attachment, grief and loss, family life-cycle changes, and blended family dynamics.
(03) 8657 4207 View (03) 8657 4207
Photo of Rui Ying Yew, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Rui Ying Yew
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Ying is a registered Psychologist and Clinical Registrar who has worked in public health, community youth mental health, and primary and tertiary educational settings, with clients across the lifespan and of diverse gender identities and sexual orientations. She takes a warm, collaborative, and client-centred approach to working with her clients to understand their challenges and build upon their existing strengths and abilities.
Ying is a registered Psychologist and Clinical Registrar who has worked in public health, community youth mental health, and primary and tertiary educational settings, with clients across the lifespan and of diverse gender identities and sexual orientations. She takes a warm, collaborative, and client-centred approach to working with her clients to understand their challenges and build upon their existing strengths and abilities.
(03) 8658 2409 View (03) 8658 2409
Photo of Dr Jennifer Menon, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Dr Jennifer Menon
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I work with adults who present with concerns related to Trauma, Chronic Disease, Pain, Anxiety (generalised anxiety, panic, social anxiety, phobias etc) and Depression.
I work with adults who present with concerns related to Trauma, Chronic Disease, Pain, Anxiety (generalised anxiety, panic, social anxiety, phobias etc) and Depression.
(03) 8658 2201 View (03) 8658 2201
Photo of Dimitri Hawa, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Dimitri Hawa
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Dimitri has significant experience providing psychotherapy with adults. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, grief, depression, anxiety, anger management, neurodiverse challenges (ADHD/ASD), and, facilitating the process of psychological recovery from trauma and complex trauma (i., e childhood/adult abuse issues, domestic violence, family dysfunction, childhood neglect). Dimitri has worked as a private practice over several years, school psychologist, Victims of Crime, Transport Accident Commission (TAC), NDIS disability work, along with previous experience in the provision of psychological support in prison settings.
Dimitri has significant experience providing psychotherapy with adults. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, grief, depression, anxiety, anger management, neurodiverse challenges (ADHD/ASD), and, facilitating the process of psychological recovery from trauma and complex trauma (i., e childhood/adult abuse issues, domestic violence, family dysfunction, childhood neglect). Dimitri has worked as a private practice over several years, school psychologist, Victims of Crime, Transport Accident Commission (TAC), NDIS disability work, along with previous experience in the provision of psychological support in prison settings.
(03) 9007 2339 View (03) 9007 2339
Photo of Jeannie Leggett, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Jeannie Leggett
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist working with individual adults who would like to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, others, and the world. I have a particular interest in trauma, whether from attachment issues, abusive or hurtful relationships, accidents and injury, illness, or natural disasters. I am interested in the transitions made throughout the lifespan, both expected and unexpected, gradual and sudden. I also have clinical experience with anxiety, depression, grief and loss, recovery from family violence, and support for parents of special needs children.
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist working with individual adults who would like to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, others, and the world. I have a particular interest in trauma, whether from attachment issues, abusive or hurtful relationships, accidents and injury, illness, or natural disasters. I am interested in the transitions made throughout the lifespan, both expected and unexpected, gradual and sudden. I also have clinical experience with anxiety, depression, grief and loss, recovery from family violence, and support for parents of special needs children.
(03) 7003 2030 View (03) 7003 2030
Photo of Kyo Chung, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Kyo Chung
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Relationships can be a source of wellbeing and stability, but they can also have a profound negative impact on our lives and mental health when things are not going well. If you want to learn how to build and maintain healthy relationships, if past hurt and trauma have damaged your relationship and you don't know how to heal from it, relationship counselling can give you the tools and support you need to reclaim a loving relationship with your partner and loved ones. We all have an innate need for connection but don't know how to communicate our needs effectively. Counselling can help you build the kind of relationships you long for
Relationships can be a source of wellbeing and stability, but they can also have a profound negative impact on our lives and mental health when things are not going well. If you want to learn how to build and maintain healthy relationships, if past hurt and trauma have damaged your relationship and you don't know how to heal from it, relationship counselling can give you the tools and support you need to reclaim a loving relationship with your partner and loved ones. We all have an innate need for connection but don't know how to communicate our needs effectively. Counselling can help you build the kind of relationships you long for
(03) 9327 2769 View (03) 9327 2769
Photo of Kiri Tsalparos, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Kiri Tsalparos
Psychologist, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I am a registered psychologist and AHPRA board approved supervisor. I have worked across both the government and private sectors for over 15 years. I am currently focussing on assessment work and have extensive experience in ASD assessment, ADHD assessment for both children and adults. I also conduct cognitive assessments for NDIS funding and within the the school system. I have also worked within the justice system with Corrections Victoria and QLD Corrections with sexual and violent offenders.
I am a registered psychologist and AHPRA board approved supervisor. I have worked across both the government and private sectors for over 15 years. I am currently focussing on assessment work and have extensive experience in ASD assessment, ADHD assessment for both children and adults. I also conduct cognitive assessments for NDIS funding and within the the school system. I have also worked within the justice system with Corrections Victoria and QLD Corrections with sexual and violent offenders.
(03) 9000 0286 View (03) 9000 0286
Photo of Melis Topsahin, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Melis Topsahin
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015  (Online Only)
I particularly assist clients that require therapy in the areas of anxiety, substance abuse (other addictions), depression and relationship issues. My focus is on working with the client towards personal development and goal setting. Each client is so very unique, hence, requires a personal counselling approach that is catered entirely for them. As a therapist, i work with various approaches such as: CBT, ACT, humanistic approach and TRTP (trauma therapy) amongst many other(s).
I particularly assist clients that require therapy in the areas of anxiety, substance abuse (other addictions), depression and relationship issues. My focus is on working with the client towards personal development and goal setting. Each client is so very unique, hence, requires a personal counselling approach that is catered entirely for them. As a therapist, i work with various approaches such as: CBT, ACT, humanistic approach and TRTP (trauma therapy) amongst many other(s).
(02) 4504 0146 View (02) 4504 0146
Photo of Rad Parents | Claire Dicarlo , Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Rad Parents | Claire Dicarlo
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spotswood, VIC 3015  (Online Only)
As parents, we're pressured to have perfect families and bombarded with advice on how to raise our kids. But so many of us are struggling with little support - we usually don't have the 'village' people speak of. It’s no wonder we end up feeling overwhelmed and stressed instead of enjoying family life. If you feel exhausted, anxious or angry, or you feel guilty that you're not the parent you want to be - you are not alone. So many parents tell me they wish they'd enjoyed the early years more. I don't want you to have those regrets.
As parents, we're pressured to have perfect families and bombarded with advice on how to raise our kids. But so many of us are struggling with little support - we usually don't have the 'village' people speak of. It’s no wonder we end up feeling overwhelmed and stressed instead of enjoying family life. If you feel exhausted, anxious or angry, or you feel guilty that you're not the parent you want to be - you are not alone. So many parents tell me they wish they'd enjoyed the early years more. I don't want you to have those regrets.
View
Photo of Sylvia Collinetti, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Sylvia Collinetti
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I have 25 years’ experience in public mental health and private practice. It is well established that the most important ingredient for any successful therapy is the therapeutic relationship which develops over time and helps you feel safe. I work with you to make sense of your unique story and the reasons you’re engaging in therapy. I start by understanding your early life experiences which impact your thinking patterns, emotions and behaviours from an emphatic and non-judgmental position. Therapy is embedded with compassion, tailored to meet your goals, from a strengths based position to empower your recovery journey.
I have 25 years’ experience in public mental health and private practice. It is well established that the most important ingredient for any successful therapy is the therapeutic relationship which develops over time and helps you feel safe. I work with you to make sense of your unique story and the reasons you’re engaging in therapy. I start by understanding your early life experiences which impact your thinking patterns, emotions and behaviours from an emphatic and non-judgmental position. Therapy is embedded with compassion, tailored to meet your goals, from a strengths based position to empower your recovery journey.
(03) 7003 2284 View (03) 7003 2284
Photo of RightPath Counselling , Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
RightPath Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I am passionate about helping those who struggle with mental health. Clients come to me with their disorders, issues, struggles and relationship problems and want to find better ways to cope and deal with their concerns. Their goals are to be happier, learn better ways to deal with their concerns and move on from their past traumas.
I am passionate about helping those who struggle with mental health. Clients come to me with their disorders, issues, struggles and relationship problems and want to find better ways to cope and deal with their concerns. Their goals are to be happier, learn better ways to deal with their concerns and move on from their past traumas.
(03) 7302 2996 View (03) 7302 2996

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jess Mackenzie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spotswood, VIC
Jess Mackenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Yarraville, VIC 3013
Jess offers individual counselling, couples counselling and supervision. Jess is welcoming and friendly. She recognises the importance of building a therapeutic relationship to which people can bring problems and issues without judgement. Jess understands that we all experience uncomfortable and unhelpful behaviours and feelings. With support and some gently challenging, these behaviours and feelings can start to shift.
Jess offers individual counselling, couples counselling and supervision. Jess is welcoming and friendly. She recognises the importance of building a therapeutic relationship to which people can bring problems and issues without judgement. Jess understands that we all experience uncomfortable and unhelpful behaviours and feelings. With support and some gently challenging, these behaviours and feelings can start to shift.
(03) 8372 0590 View (03) 8372 0590
Aysha Umair
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Altona North, VIC 3025
I am a registered Psychologist providing support to clients at The Personnel Group, Werribee. I have experience of working with children, adolescents and adults. I have completed a Master's in Psychology and Master's in Counselling, I have substantial experience of working with a range of client groups across the lifespan in a variety of settings.
I am a registered Psychologist providing support to clients at The Personnel Group, Werribee. I have experience of working with children, adolescents and adults. I have completed a Master's in Psychology and Master's in Counselling, I have substantial experience of working with a range of client groups across the lifespan in a variety of settings.
(03) 7302 8731 View (03) 7302 8731
Photo of Louise O'Dwyer, Psychotherapist in Spotswood, VIC
Louise O'Dwyer
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
Louise is a dedicated Gestalt therapist committed to providing a compassionate and nurturing space for individuals navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. With a profound passion for offering her clients the support they need, Louise employs attuned listening and genuine connection to facilitate increased awareness, well-being, and personal growth, empowering them to lead more fulfilling lives.
Louise is a dedicated Gestalt therapist committed to providing a compassionate and nurturing space for individuals navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. With a profound passion for offering her clients the support they need, Louise employs attuned listening and genuine connection to facilitate increased awareness, well-being, and personal growth, empowering them to lead more fulfilling lives.
(03) 9118 9082 View (03) 9118 9082
Photo of Brooke Lo Giudice, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Brooke Lo Giudice
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Port Melbourne, VIC 3207
I am an experienced and compassionate counsellor with a person-centred and strengths based approach to counselling. I offer a non-judgemental space where you can feel heard and understood and I work on the premise that you as the client have your own innate wisdom to draw on​. As such, I don't impose my ideals and beliefs onto you, but rather support you to draw on your own strengths and wisdom. I have found clients are then able to see the path before them and the steps they need to take to make the changes they are seeking.
I am an experienced and compassionate counsellor with a person-centred and strengths based approach to counselling. I offer a non-judgemental space where you can feel heard and understood and I work on the premise that you as the client have your own innate wisdom to draw on​. As such, I don't impose my ideals and beliefs onto you, but rather support you to draw on your own strengths and wisdom. I have found clients are then able to see the path before them and the steps they need to take to make the changes they are seeking.
(03) 7003 2892 View (03) 7003 2892
Photo of Laura Popescu, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Laura Popescu
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
Have you found yourself overwhelmed by stress and feel as if your thoughts dictate how your day goes? Are you eager to understand behaviours that are holding you back? Do you long for more sustained joy and fulfilment in your life? My therapeutic approach is centred on collaboration and compassion, I strive to deeply understand your motivations for seeking therapy. Through a non-judgemental, open, and enthusiastic lens, I provide a strengths-based framework aimed to guide you back to your inherent wisdom. My current skill-set is dedicated to supporting young people and adults who present with stress and anxiety.
Have you found yourself overwhelmed by stress and feel as if your thoughts dictate how your day goes? Are you eager to understand behaviours that are holding you back? Do you long for more sustained joy and fulfilment in your life? My therapeutic approach is centred on collaboration and compassion, I strive to deeply understand your motivations for seeking therapy. Through a non-judgemental, open, and enthusiastic lens, I provide a strengths-based framework aimed to guide you back to your inherent wisdom. My current skill-set is dedicated to supporting young people and adults who present with stress and anxiety.
(03) 8592 7483 View (03) 8592 7483
Photo of Fern Therapy and Counselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Spotswood, VIC
Fern Therapy and Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AASW
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
Welcome to my practice! I am Supriti Fernandez, a dedicated and highly experienced Social Worker. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, families, and NDIS participants overcome emotional and behavioral challenges. With over five years of experience, I provide client-led therapy, tailoring my approach to meet your unique needs. My goal is to improve well-being, enhance relationships, and equip you with effective coping skills. I offer a compassionate and empathetic space for you to achieve positive outcomes. Let's work together to create a happier, more fulfilling life.
Welcome to my practice! I am Supriti Fernandez, a dedicated and highly experienced Social Worker. I specialize in helping individuals, couples, families, and NDIS participants overcome emotional and behavioral challenges. With over five years of experience, I provide client-led therapy, tailoring my approach to meet your unique needs. My goal is to improve well-being, enhance relationships, and equip you with effective coping skills. I offer a compassionate and empathetic space for you to achieve positive outcomes. Let's work together to create a happier, more fulfilling life.
(03) 8737 9300 View (03) 8737 9300
Photo of Anthony John Aris, Psychologist in Spotswood, VIC
Anthony John Aris
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Yarraville, VIC 3013
I can understand that for many taking those first steps to seek professional help it can be quite daunting. I am mindful of the need therefore to set people at ease from the outset. I accommodate what differing clients are looking for from a psychologist ranging from finding solutions and learning strategies to process-oriented approaches that provide the opportunity to safely explore, understand, and heal the emotional pain that often underlies psychological stress and problematic behaviour.
I can understand that for many taking those first steps to seek professional help it can be quite daunting. I am mindful of the need therefore to set people at ease from the outset. I accommodate what differing clients are looking for from a psychologist ranging from finding solutions and learning strategies to process-oriented approaches that provide the opportunity to safely explore, understand, and heal the emotional pain that often underlies psychological stress and problematic behaviour.
(03) 7003 2771 View (03) 7003 2771
Photo of Wellness & Co. Counselling Services, Counsellor in Spotswood, VIC
Wellness & Co. Counselling Services
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
Here at Wellness & Co. Counselling Services, we provide remote & in-person counselling & psychology sessions to individuals, couples and families. In-person sessions available across Melbourne. Our practitioners are highly qualified, clinically registered, with extensive experience in Anxiety, Depression, Relationship/Separation, Domestic & Family Violence, Trauma, Bereavement, Grief & Loss counselling. Our experience enables us to offer tailored mental health support. We value each person and embrace every unique story and journey. We provide a safe and neutral space to best support you. Please call to inquire about availability
Here at Wellness & Co. Counselling Services, we provide remote & in-person counselling & psychology sessions to individuals, couples and families. In-person sessions available across Melbourne. Our practitioners are highly qualified, clinically registered, with extensive experience in Anxiety, Depression, Relationship/Separation, Domestic & Family Violence, Trauma, Bereavement, Grief & Loss counselling. Our experience enables us to offer tailored mental health support. We value each person and embrace every unique story and journey. We provide a safe and neutral space to best support you. Please call to inquire about availability
(03) 7003 2935 View (03) 7003 2935

See more therapy options for Spotswood

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC

10+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC who prioritize treating:

67% Relationship Issues
67% Depression
67% Anxiety
67% Self Esteem
58% Parenting
58% Trauma and PTSD
58% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Bupa
80% Medicare Rebates
80% NDIS

How Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC see their clients

84% In Person and Online
16% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
8% Male

FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Spotswood?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.