Counselling in 6019

Photo of Renn Cheah, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Renn Cheah
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Scarborough, WA 6019
Do you find yourself stuck in that same unhealthy loop in life? Are you constantly distressed by "old stuff" and can't seem to free yourself from them? Do you feel embarrassed to talk to just any therapist about your issues? If you're ready to take the next step, I am happy to support you through this new chapter in your life. I believe you are the master of you and I am privileged to be the catalyst to the change that you are looking for.
Do you find yourself stuck in that same unhealthy loop in life? Are you constantly distressed by "old stuff" and can't seem to free yourself from them? Do you feel embarrassed to talk to just any therapist about your issues? If you're ready to take the next step, I am happy to support you through this new chapter in your life. I believe you are the master of you and I am privileged to be the catalyst to the change that you are looking for.
(08) 9468 7262 View (08) 9468 7262
Photo of Ayu Gribble, Counsellor, PACFA
Ayu Gribble
Counsellor, PACFA
Scarborough, WA 6019
Life’s pressures, challenges and transitions can leave us overwhelmed. It is at these times we feel the need to be heard. Also, to experience connection, to feel respected, accepted, and for someone to show us deep compassion and understanding. Sometimes, we just need a little help. Whether you have been struggling for some time or an impacting life event has arisen, the opportunity to talk through these issues with someone can be life supporting and life changing. Your wish may be to explore tools or techniques, or just to be in a safe environment to fully express your deepest thoughts and feelings.
Life’s pressures, challenges and transitions can leave us overwhelmed. It is at these times we feel the need to be heard. Also, to experience connection, to feel respected, accepted, and for someone to show us deep compassion and understanding. Sometimes, we just need a little help. Whether you have been struggling for some time or an impacting life event has arisen, the opportunity to talk through these issues with someone can be life supporting and life changing. Your wish may be to explore tools or techniques, or just to be in a safe environment to fully express your deepest thoughts and feelings.
1300 184 746 View 1300 184 746
Photo of Clark Robertson, Counsellor
Clark Robertson
Counsellor
Scarborough, WA 6019
Most therapy offers comfort, validation, and endless listening and letting you hide from reality while problems persist. I don't do that. My style is direct, confrontational, and practical, designed to expose illusions, dismantle avoidance, and demand accountability. Drawing from Classical Psychotherapy, Stoicism and Buddhist non attachment, combined with modern strategies for personal responsibility, and releasing resistance, I challenge excuses head-on. Empathy is available when needed, but progress requires hard truth and disciplined action. This work is intense. It will unsettle you, but that's where transformation begins.
Most therapy offers comfort, validation, and endless listening and letting you hide from reality while problems persist. I don't do that. My style is direct, confrontational, and practical, designed to expose illusions, dismantle avoidance, and demand accountability. Drawing from Classical Psychotherapy, Stoicism and Buddhist non attachment, combined with modern strategies for personal responsibility, and releasing resistance, I challenge excuses head-on. Empathy is available when needed, but progress requires hard truth and disciplined action. This work is intense. It will unsettle you, but that's where transformation begins.
0480 196 907 View 0480 196 907
Photo of Catherine Eliot, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Catherine Eliot
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Scarborough, WA 6019
Many of my clients are adults who feel mentally overloaded, scattered, or stuck in cycles of stress and self-criticism. They may be living with, or suspect they have, ADHD and want to feel more in control of their time, emotions, and energy. Often, they’re caring, capable people who just can’t seem to keep up with life’s demands, and they want to understand themselves better, reduce the overwhelm, and find calmer, steadier ways of coping.
Many of my clients are adults who feel mentally overloaded, scattered, or stuck in cycles of stress and self-criticism. They may be living with, or suspect they have, ADHD and want to feel more in control of their time, emotions, and energy. Often, they’re caring, capable people who just can’t seem to keep up with life’s demands, and they want to understand themselves better, reduce the overwhelm, and find calmer, steadier ways of coping.
(08) 6171 2022 View (08) 6171 2022
Photo of Alexandra Rubenis - Relational Align , Counsellor, ACA-L3
Relational Align
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Scarborough, WA 6019
I work with kids & teens who are struggling with bullying, facing issues with their mental health such as anxiety, depression or suicidal thoughts and struggling to express themselves. I’ve also worked with adults and their families experiencing trauma through victims of crime I help my clients navigate through these issues and give them the tools and space to talk about what they often cannot talk about in their life with anyone
I work with kids & teens who are struggling with bullying, facing issues with their mental health such as anxiety, depression or suicidal thoughts and struggling to express themselves. I’ve also worked with adults and their families experiencing trauma through victims of crime I help my clients navigate through these issues and give them the tools and space to talk about what they often cannot talk about in their life with anyone
0424 989 198 View 0424 989 198
Photo of Alana Shapiro, Psychotherapist
Alana Shapiro
Psychotherapist
Scarborough, WA 6019
Alana is a psychosexual therapist specialising in holistic, trauma informed care to support both individuals and partnerships with their sexological needs. Some of these needs may include issues with sexual difficulties, gender or sexual identity, intimacy, pleasure, mismatched libido, desire discrepancies, intimate pain and other relationship struggles just to name a few. Down to earth and non-judgemental, she helps her clients break down barriers and find the language to communicate their lived experiences with more clarity. All gendered, sexual, racial and cultural identities are welcome and will be respected here.
Alana is a psychosexual therapist specialising in holistic, trauma informed care to support both individuals and partnerships with their sexological needs. Some of these needs may include issues with sexual difficulties, gender or sexual identity, intimacy, pleasure, mismatched libido, desire discrepancies, intimate pain and other relationship struggles just to name a few. Down to earth and non-judgemental, she helps her clients break down barriers and find the language to communicate their lived experiences with more clarity. All gendered, sexual, racial and cultural identities are welcome and will be respected here.
(03) 4517 6946 View (03) 4517 6946
Photo of Kylie Mathieson, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kylie Mathieson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Kylie is well known for her holistic, down-to-earth and non-judgemental style. She has worked with clients across the developmental spectrum, using evidence-based approaches to support those impacted by anxiety, depression, mood fluctuations, autism, and ADHD. She also enjoys supporting the LGBTQIA+ community. Kylie has particular interests in helping individuals navigate difficult life transitions, adapt following diagnosis/illness, manage professional pressures; improve performance, and embed healthy lifestyle habits (e.g. movement, mindful awareness, sleep). Kylie has further qualifications in fitness and executive coaching.
Kylie is well known for her holistic, down-to-earth and non-judgemental style. She has worked with clients across the developmental spectrum, using evidence-based approaches to support those impacted by anxiety, depression, mood fluctuations, autism, and ADHD. She also enjoys supporting the LGBTQIA+ community. Kylie has particular interests in helping individuals navigate difficult life transitions, adapt following diagnosis/illness, manage professional pressures; improve performance, and embed healthy lifestyle habits (e.g. movement, mindful awareness, sleep). Kylie has further qualifications in fitness and executive coaching.
(08) 6556 9594 View (08) 6556 9594
Photo of Dr Pia Kavanagh - Dr Pia Kavanagh - Clinical Psychologist/Supervisor, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Pia Kavanagh - Clinical Psychologist/Supervisor
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Board-Approved Supervisor working in private practice. I work predominantly from a psychodynamic approach, helping patients develop a greater understanding of themselves and others, including relational dynamics and defence mechanisms. Through this deep exploration of themselves, patients can learn more about what holds them back and develop more helpful ways of responding. In addition to individual psychotherapy, I am also a Board-Approved Supervisor and have current availability for new supervisees.
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Board-Approved Supervisor working in private practice. I work predominantly from a psychodynamic approach, helping patients develop a greater understanding of themselves and others, including relational dynamics and defence mechanisms. Through this deep exploration of themselves, patients can learn more about what holds them back and develop more helpful ways of responding. In addition to individual psychotherapy, I am also a Board-Approved Supervisor and have current availability for new supervisees.
(08) 6490 9893 View (08) 6490 9893
Photo of Jo Crothers - Jo Lauren Counselling, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Jo Lauren Counselling
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Serves Area
Hello, I am a qualified and experienced Mental Health Counsellor, EMDR practitioner and Clinical Hypnotherapist, specialising in working with people who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships difficulties. I invite people to work with me in an environment that is stable, supportive and that is free from judgement allowing you to express who you are openly and freely. Your journey is the most important part of our sessions together and we work together to support your vision for who you are in your future and your life.
Hello, I am a qualified and experienced Mental Health Counsellor, EMDR practitioner and Clinical Hypnotherapist, specialising in working with people who have experienced trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships difficulties. I invite people to work with me in an environment that is stable, supportive and that is free from judgement allowing you to express who you are openly and freely. Your journey is the most important part of our sessions together and we work together to support your vision for who you are in your future and your life.
(08) 6219 3884 View (08) 6219 3884
Photo of Trina Marie Michailidis, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Trina Marie Michailidis
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I am a registered psychologist working in a professional, caring and sensitive way with individuals and families in private practice for over twenty years treating a variety of complex mental health issues including stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, AD/HD, autism and women's issues. I have also been delivering the Parenting Together Program (PTP) into homes for over 15 years. PTP is an individualized early intervention program designed for 3-8 years to reduce child non-compliance and improve a secure child-parent attachment to promote and enhance positive long term social/emotional and behavioural outcomes.
I am a registered psychologist working in a professional, caring and sensitive way with individuals and families in private practice for over twenty years treating a variety of complex mental health issues including stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, AD/HD, autism and women's issues. I have also been delivering the Parenting Together Program (PTP) into homes for over 15 years. PTP is an individualized early intervention program designed for 3-8 years to reduce child non-compliance and improve a secure child-parent attachment to promote and enhance positive long term social/emotional and behavioural outcomes.
(08) 7078 7655 View (08) 7078 7655
Photo of Sallyann Richards, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Sallyann Richards
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life for all of us can be unpredictable and at times difficult to navigate. Experiencing change can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress or depression impacting your sense of purpose and general enjoyment of life. As a registered clinical counsellor with over 15 years experience, I am committed to exploring together what works for you in your unique situation. My hope for you is that incremental shifts in your experience will lead to meaningful change in your life.
Life for all of us can be unpredictable and at times difficult to navigate. Experiencing change can lead to feelings of anxiety, stress or depression impacting your sense of purpose and general enjoyment of life. As a registered clinical counsellor with over 15 years experience, I am committed to exploring together what works for you in your unique situation. My hope for you is that incremental shifts in your experience will lead to meaningful change in your life.
(08) 6219 3399 View (08) 6219 3399
Photo of Stuart Burling, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Stuart Burling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you are struggling, feeling lost, in conflict with yourself or loved ones, grieving or looking for meaning and purpose, please reach out. I aim to support people in need, to listen, and hold space for sharing difficult life experiences. I, too, have endured adversity, and in my darkest hours, I found the courage to reach out and seek the support I needed. Through lived experience of addiction, suicide, FDV, narcissism, divorce, and parent alienation combined with expertise in counselling and specialist therapy knowledge, I focus on rebuilding lives and relationships, instilling hope when all seems lost.
If you are struggling, feeling lost, in conflict with yourself or loved ones, grieving or looking for meaning and purpose, please reach out. I aim to support people in need, to listen, and hold space for sharing difficult life experiences. I, too, have endured adversity, and in my darkest hours, I found the courage to reach out and seek the support I needed. Through lived experience of addiction, suicide, FDV, narcissism, divorce, and parent alienation combined with expertise in counselling and specialist therapy knowledge, I focus on rebuilding lives and relationships, instilling hope when all seems lost.
(08) 6120 1781 View (08) 6120 1781
Photo of Daniel van Heerden, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Daniel van Heerden
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I am a Registered Psychologist and have experience working in community mental health and hospital settings. I am working in private practice and welcome anyone who has concerns of the following nature to reach out to me: men's mental health, OCD, relationship difficulties, addictions, trauma, mood difficulties, perfectionism, and performance-related difficulties.
I am a Registered Psychologist and have experience working in community mental health and hospital settings. I am working in private practice and welcome anyone who has concerns of the following nature to reach out to me: men's mental health, OCD, relationship difficulties, addictions, trauma, mood difficulties, perfectionism, and performance-related difficulties.
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Photo of Sabinne Barquett, Counsellor, MPsych, PACFA
Sabinne Barquett
Counsellor, MPsych, PACFA
Serves Area
Sabinne has been leading hundreds of people in their paths of self-transformation. There has been a huge impact in these people’s lives. She has helped them to successfully overcome depression, anxiety disorders, panic, trauma (including PTSD), relationship challenges, loss and grief, suicidal ideation and self-harm, parenting conflicts, stress, eating disorders, addictions, bullying, self-esteem issues, insomnia and also assisted them with their self-awareness. During these years she has worked with all age groups, with people from different backgrounds and also in the disability field. She works with Psychotherapy and Coaching.
Sabinne has been leading hundreds of people in their paths of self-transformation. There has been a huge impact in these people’s lives. She has helped them to successfully overcome depression, anxiety disorders, panic, trauma (including PTSD), relationship challenges, loss and grief, suicidal ideation and self-harm, parenting conflicts, stress, eating disorders, addictions, bullying, self-esteem issues, insomnia and also assisted them with their self-awareness. During these years she has worked with all age groups, with people from different backgrounds and also in the disability field. She works with Psychotherapy and Coaching.
(08) 7079 4274 View (08) 7079 4274
Photo of Jakub Dammer, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jakub Dammer
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I enjoy working with adolescents (12+) and adults from a variety of backgrounds, and I have a particular interest in working with males across the lifespan to better understand their mental health concerns. These can include a recent stressor or be part of a longstanding pattern of unhelpful or painful responses. Common challenges I work with include: work- and study-related stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, loneliness, substance issues, behavioural addictions (e.g. pornography, gaming, gambling), anger and irritability, and thoughts around suicide/self-harm.
I enjoy working with adolescents (12+) and adults from a variety of backgrounds, and I have a particular interest in working with males across the lifespan to better understand their mental health concerns. These can include a recent stressor or be part of a longstanding pattern of unhelpful or painful responses. Common challenges I work with include: work- and study-related stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, loneliness, substance issues, behavioural addictions (e.g. pornography, gaming, gambling), anger and irritability, and thoughts around suicide/self-harm.
(08) 6120 1081 View (08) 6120 1081
Photo of Marie-Helene Marsolais, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Marie-Helene Marsolais
Counsellor, ACA-L2
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My clients often question their relationship with alcohol, even if they don’t identify as alcoholics. Binge drinking and high-functioning drinking are common, sometimes linked to anger or impulse issues. I offer a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential space to explore these challenges. Clients’ goals vary—from quitting or taking a break to addressing issues like anxiety, depression, or major life changes. I also support French-speaking clients with diverse concerns.
My clients often question their relationship with alcohol, even if they don’t identify as alcoholics. Binge drinking and high-functioning drinking are common, sometimes linked to anger or impulse issues. I offer a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential space to explore these challenges. Clients’ goals vary—from quitting or taking a break to addressing issues like anxiety, depression, or major life changes. I also support French-speaking clients with diverse concerns.
(08) 9468 7260 View (08) 9468 7260
Photo of Nadia Truong - Nadia Truong CARE Psychology Services , Psychologist, PsyBA General
Nadia Truong CARE Psychology Services
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Nadia is a registered psychologist who places great emphasis on developing a therapeutic relationship with her clients and applies an individualised, client-centred approach to therapy. Her strengths-based approach helps clients to feel centred, affirmed, resilient and empowered so they can achieve potential personal growth. She is committed to a holistic approach to comprehensively address the various factors that may undermine a person’s resilience and sense of wellbeing. Nadia is also a Board Approved Supervisor with over 20 years of experience in the mental health sector.
Nadia is a registered psychologist who places great emphasis on developing a therapeutic relationship with her clients and applies an individualised, client-centred approach to therapy. Her strengths-based approach helps clients to feel centred, affirmed, resilient and empowered so they can achieve potential personal growth. She is committed to a holistic approach to comprehensively address the various factors that may undermine a person’s resilience and sense of wellbeing. Nadia is also a Board Approved Supervisor with over 20 years of experience in the mental health sector.
(08) 6219 3897 View (08) 6219 3897
Photo of Anne-Marie Roelandt-Hodgskin - Mieke's Counselling, Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Mieke's Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Serves Area
I am passionate about providing culturally sensitive counselling to help individuals and couples navigate life's complexities with empathy and understanding. As a registered counsellor with the Australian Counselling Association and a member of their College of Supervisors, I take a person-centred approach tailored to the unique needs, personalities, and life experiences of each client. I am honoured to walk alongside my clients in their journeys, helping them build resilience, restore connections, and find clarity and purpose in life’s challenges.
I am passionate about providing culturally sensitive counselling to help individuals and couples navigate life's complexities with empathy and understanding. As a registered counsellor with the Australian Counselling Association and a member of their College of Supervisors, I take a person-centred approach tailored to the unique needs, personalities, and life experiences of each client. I am honoured to walk alongside my clients in their journeys, helping them build resilience, restore connections, and find clarity and purpose in life’s challenges.
(08) 6206 8499 View (08) 6206 8499
Photo of Deborah Wright - Perth Counselling & Psychotherapy Services, Psychotherapist
Perth Counselling & Psychotherapy Services
Psychotherapist
Serves Area
I work with heterosexual, multiracial, same sex couples and individuals who are in a place of questioning or are seeking help with a specific situation or event. Couples may be wanting some "fine tuning" in specific areas of their relationship or they may be experiencing a crisis due to an infidelity or breakdown in communication and may be unsure if they can or even want to, stay together. Individuals may be ready to explore childhood issues, dealing with trauma or having an existential crisis. I teach Circle of Security an attachment based parent program for caregivers wanting to parent differently to their parents.
I work with heterosexual, multiracial, same sex couples and individuals who are in a place of questioning or are seeking help with a specific situation or event. Couples may be wanting some "fine tuning" in specific areas of their relationship or they may be experiencing a crisis due to an infidelity or breakdown in communication and may be unsure if they can or even want to, stay together. Individuals may be ready to explore childhood issues, dealing with trauma or having an existential crisis. I teach Circle of Security an attachment based parent program for caregivers wanting to parent differently to their parents.
(08) 7078 8285 View (08) 7078 8285
Photo of Michelle Ryan-Gittens, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Michelle Ryan-Gittens
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Michelle is a Registered Psychologist with AHPRA and an assoc. member of Australian Psychological Society. She has twenty years experience working with children, adolescents and women and has been employed as a psychologist in schools, early intervention, parenting support, disabilities services and private practice.
Michelle is a Registered Psychologist with AHPRA and an assoc. member of Australian Psychological Society. She has twenty years experience working with children, adolescents and women and has been employed as a psychologist in schools, early intervention, parenting support, disabilities services and private practice.
(08) 6490 9083 View (08) 6490 9083

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 6019

40+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in 6019 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
81% Self Esteem
81% Stress
79% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
53% Women's Issues

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Medicare Rebates
69% Medibank Private
54% Bupa

How Therapists in 6019 see their clients

96% In Person and Online
4% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 6019?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.