Counselling in 4217

Daniel McStay
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Bundall, QLD 4217
Hi, my name's Danny and i'm a Registered Psychologist. Sometimes we all need a little bit of help. My goal is to assist others on their journey towards personal growth, self-discovery and mental wellbeing. I provide a safe and confidential space to explore your thoughts, emotions and behaviours.
Hi, my name's Danny and i'm a Registered Psychologist. Sometimes we all need a little bit of help. My goal is to assist others on their journey towards personal growth, self-discovery and mental wellbeing. I provide a safe and confidential space to explore your thoughts, emotions and behaviours.
(02) 5016 9927 View (02) 5016 9927
Judy Graham At Womenhood
Counsellor, PACFA
Main Beach, QLD 4217
I support Women who are Childless not by Choice, or by Childless by Circumstance. If you've been searching for a counsellor who has professional counselling skills AND understands what it's like to be a woman without children, you're in the right place! Whether you're having trouble with decisions, experiencing grief and loss, social exclusion, anger, frustration, exhaustion, feeling stuck or lacking purpose or meaning, I'm here to provide safe, caring and professional counselling. I understand what it's like, so you can share the hurt and I can support you to heal, gain strategies to cope and learn to thrive.
I support Women who are Childless not by Choice, or by Childless by Circumstance. If you've been searching for a counsellor who has professional counselling skills AND understands what it's like to be a woman without children, you're in the right place! Whether you're having trouble with decisions, experiencing grief and loss, social exclusion, anger, frustration, exhaustion, feeling stuck or lacking purpose or meaning, I'm here to provide safe, caring and professional counselling. I understand what it's like, so you can share the hurt and I can support you to heal, gain strategies to cope and learn to thrive.
(07) 5655 7553 View (07) 5655 7553
Wild Brain Therapies
Social Worker, MA, AASW
Bundall, QLD 4217
Our team of therapists are experienced in providing comprehensive support and effective interventions for adults, teens, and children facing a range of difficulties. Our expertise: Borderline personality disorder, Trauma & complex trauma, Emotion dysregulation, Anxiety & depression, Neurodivergence- ADHD & ASD, Adjustment disorders, Parenting & Family Support. We offer Individual and Group Therapy, DBT & RO-DBT, child and adolescent DBT, CBT, ACT, Schema Therapy, Somatic Therapy, and more. Comprehensive diagnostic assessments and NDIS access support sessions.
Our team of therapists are experienced in providing comprehensive support and effective interventions for adults, teens, and children facing a range of difficulties. Our expertise: Borderline personality disorder, Trauma & complex trauma, Emotion dysregulation, Anxiety & depression, Neurodivergence- ADHD & ASD, Adjustment disorders, Parenting & Family Support. We offer Individual and Group Therapy, DBT & RO-DBT, child and adolescent DBT, CBT, ACT, Schema Therapy, Somatic Therapy, and more. Comprehensive diagnostic assessments and NDIS access support sessions.
(07) 4518 4032 View (07) 4518 4032
Karl Jacks
Verified Verified
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Karl is the founder and a consultant therapist at Vista Advanced Psychological Therapy provides structured trauma therapy for adults and older adolescents on the Gold Coast. Karl works with trauma-related difficulties, PTSD, complex PTSD, trauma-related Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) and pain, anxiety, phobias, grief, and concerns affecting work, relationships, and daily functioning. Sessions are available in person in Surfers Paradise or online. No referral is required. Therapy is based on a structured assessment, formulation, treatment planning, and review. Evidence-based approaches include EMDR, EMDR 2.0, CBT and more.
Karl is the founder and a consultant therapist at Vista Advanced Psychological Therapy provides structured trauma therapy for adults and older adolescents on the Gold Coast. Karl works with trauma-related difficulties, PTSD, complex PTSD, trauma-related Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) and pain, anxiety, phobias, grief, and concerns affecting work, relationships, and daily functioning. Sessions are available in person in Surfers Paradise or online. No referral is required. Therapy is based on a structured assessment, formulation, treatment planning, and review. Evidence-based approaches include EMDR, EMDR 2.0, CBT and more.
(07) 4439 8767 View (07) 4439 8767
Goldy Albu
Social Worker, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Goldy works with people seeking a warm, practical and neuro-affirming clinician to support trauma, PTSD, neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, addiction, grief, emotional regulation difficulties or complex life stress. Many clients come wanting to feel genuinely understood while also learning realistic tools for daily life. Goldy offers trauma-informed, evidence-based therapy that supports insight, regulation, self-understanding and meaningful change.
Goldy works with people seeking a warm, practical and neuro-affirming clinician to support trauma, PTSD, neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, addiction, grief, emotional regulation difficulties or complex life stress. Many clients come wanting to feel genuinely understood while also learning realistic tools for daily life. Goldy offers trauma-informed, evidence-based therapy that supports insight, regulation, self-understanding and meaningful change.
(03) 4328 3189 View (03) 4328 3189
Roza Hammon
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
I work with adults who feel stuck, particularly where previous therapy has helped but not fully resolved things. This often includes trauma, anxiety, or workplace stress that continues to resurface in similar ways. The focus is on changing the underlying pattern, not just how you react to it. My approach is structured and collaborative, focused on processing experiences while maintaining stability. We work at a pace that feels manageable, adapting within the session to what works best for you, with you remaining grounded and in control throughout.
I work with adults who feel stuck, particularly where previous therapy has helped but not fully resolved things. This often includes trauma, anxiety, or workplace stress that continues to resurface in similar ways. The focus is on changing the underlying pattern, not just how you react to it. My approach is structured and collaborative, focused on processing experiences while maintaining stability. We work at a pace that feels manageable, adapting within the session to what works best for you, with you remaining grounded and in control throughout.
(08) 7666 2681 View (08) 7666 2681
Clive Jones
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Bundall, QLD 4217
I am a counselling psychologist and sport & exercise psychologist with a focus on psychological treatment and the psychology of high-performance. I have combined these two areas through my private practice and university lecturing.
I am a counselling psychologist and sport & exercise psychologist with a focus on psychological treatment and the psychology of high-performance. I have combined these two areas through my private practice and university lecturing.
(07) 5317 6275 View (07) 5317 6275
Harmony Counselling Services Gold Coast
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
I see clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, attachment disorders or issues, dysfunctional habits and addictions, grief and phobias who may have had trauma and or childhood trauma and may be experiencing complex PTSD or PSTD. I also with clients who have neurodivergence. I deliver modalities of therapy of EMDR therapy, CBT, DBT, hypnosis or hypnotherapy, Schema Therapy, and Psychodynamic therapy. I offer counselling, talk therapy and psychotherapy.
I see clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, attachment disorders or issues, dysfunctional habits and addictions, grief and phobias who may have had trauma and or childhood trauma and may be experiencing complex PTSD or PSTD. I also with clients who have neurodivergence. I deliver modalities of therapy of EMDR therapy, CBT, DBT, hypnosis or hypnotherapy, Schema Therapy, and Psychodynamic therapy. I offer counselling, talk therapy and psychotherapy.
(08) 7638 4763 View (08) 7638 4763
Tranquility Counselling Services Gold Coast
Psychotherapist, MA, ANZAP Graduate
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Seeking support can feel overwhelming, especially when life has been shaped by trauma, relationship pain, addiction, family dysfunction, anxiety, or experiences that have left you feeling stuck, unsafe, or emotionally exhausted. My role is to provide a warm, compassionate, trauma-informed space where you feel genuinely heard, supported, and empowered to heal. As a Counsellor, Psychotherapist, Root Cause Practitioner, Hypnotherapist, and Life Coach, I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families navigating complex trauma (CPTSD), anxiety, depression, domestic and family violence recovery, addiction and recovery support.
Seeking support can feel overwhelming, especially when life has been shaped by trauma, relationship pain, addiction, family dysfunction, anxiety, or experiences that have left you feeling stuck, unsafe, or emotionally exhausted. My role is to provide a warm, compassionate, trauma-informed space where you feel genuinely heard, supported, and empowered to heal. As a Counsellor, Psychotherapist, Root Cause Practitioner, Hypnotherapist, and Life Coach, I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families navigating complex trauma (CPTSD), anxiety, depression, domestic and family violence recovery, addiction and recovery support.
(02) 5747 4135 View (02) 5747 4135
Elly Wallace
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
My ideal client may be experiencing stress, anxiety, low mood, or life changes that feel overwhelming. Others might be athletes or performers managing pressure, confidence, or injury recovery. What they share is a desire to better understand themselves, manage unhelpful thoughts and emotions, and feel more capable in everyday life. Their goal is to build resilience, strengthen confidence, and thrive both personally and professionally.
My ideal client may be experiencing stress, anxiety, low mood, or life changes that feel overwhelming. Others might be athletes or performers managing pressure, confidence, or injury recovery. What they share is a desire to better understand themselves, manage unhelpful thoughts and emotions, and feel more capable in everyday life. Their goal is to build resilience, strengthen confidence, and thrive both personally and professionally.
(02) 4404 4729 View (02) 4404 4729
Danielle Riley
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
For over 20 years, I have walked alongside individuals navigating the complexities of life, mental health, and trauma, guiding them toward healing, resilience, and empowerment. As a trauma-informed therapist, I believe that trauma does not define you—it is part of your story, but not the whole of who you are. My role is to create a safe, compassionate space where you can reclaim your sense of self, develop inner strength, and move forward with confidence. I work with adults, helping them reconnect with their inner wisdom, regulate their nervous system, build trust in themselves and their emotions, & develop health relationships.
For over 20 years, I have walked alongside individuals navigating the complexities of life, mental health, and trauma, guiding them toward healing, resilience, and empowerment. As a trauma-informed therapist, I believe that trauma does not define you—it is part of your story, but not the whole of who you are. My role is to create a safe, compassionate space where you can reclaim your sense of self, develop inner strength, and move forward with confidence. I work with adults, helping them reconnect with their inner wisdom, regulate their nervous system, build trust in themselves and their emotions, & develop health relationships.
(02) 6105 9894 View (02) 6105 9894
Bruna Laurindo
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Bundall, QLD 4217
Life sometimes brings periods where things feel heavy, unclear, or emotionally exhausting. In those moments, having a supportive space can make all the difference. I work with people who may be feeling anxious, overwhelmed, disconnected, or simply searching for deeper meaning, helping them reconnect with themselves and move toward greater balance, clarity, and emotional wellbeing.
Life sometimes brings periods where things feel heavy, unclear, or emotionally exhausting. In those moments, having a supportive space can make all the difference. I work with people who may be feeling anxious, overwhelmed, disconnected, or simply searching for deeper meaning, helping them reconnect with themselves and move toward greater balance, clarity, and emotional wellbeing.
(03) 6164 3283 View (03) 6164 3283
Emily Udodzik
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Bundall, QLD 4217
Accepting new clients! Emily has a strong interest in trauma-related presentations, including PTSD and complex trauma, personality disorders, and psychological assessment. Additionally, she works with neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and a range of anxiety and mood disorders such as anxiety, depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. She offers psychological assessments for clients of all ages and presentations (e.g., ADHD, ASD, personality, intellectual, etc.).
Accepting new clients! Emily has a strong interest in trauma-related presentations, including PTSD and complex trauma, personality disorders, and psychological assessment. Additionally, she works with neurodevelopmental disorders like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and a range of anxiety and mood disorders such as anxiety, depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. She offers psychological assessments for clients of all ages and presentations (e.g., ADHD, ASD, personality, intellectual, etc.).
(07) 2801 7671 View (07) 2801 7671
Kerrie Lawler
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Bundall, QLD 4217
For the overthinkers. The overwhelmed parents. The anxious teens who look 'fine'. And the big-feeling kids who don’t yet have the words. You might be: - Lying awake replaying conversations. Watching your teen shut down and not knowing how to reach them. Supporting a child who melts down, worries constantly, or struggles to separate. Holding everything together at work… but falling apart inside. Exhausted from trying to be the 'calm one' for everyone else. When anxiety, perfectionism, low mood or stress take over, it can feel relentless.
For the overthinkers. The overwhelmed parents. The anxious teens who look 'fine'. And the big-feeling kids who don’t yet have the words. You might be: - Lying awake replaying conversations. Watching your teen shut down and not knowing how to reach them. Supporting a child who melts down, worries constantly, or struggles to separate. Holding everything together at work… but falling apart inside. Exhausted from trying to be the 'calm one' for everyone else. When anxiety, perfectionism, low mood or stress take over, it can feel relentless.
(03) 5615 4114 View (03) 5615 4114
Michelle Champion
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
2 Endorsed
Benowa, QLD 4217
Greetings, and thank you for searching for some assistance to help you to reach the goal(s) andor solve the problem(s) you may be experiencing or even struggling with. As a mature experienced psychologist who grew up in differing cultures and loves her job, my method is to listen and explore with kindness and compassion so you can address the cause and maintenance of your problem, for without a good assessment the treatment can be wrong. Original and current unhelpful coping is identified and better ways to evaluate and problem solve are found. Although therapy can be difficult, I try to make it as fun as possible!
Greetings, and thank you for searching for some assistance to help you to reach the goal(s) andor solve the problem(s) you may be experiencing or even struggling with. As a mature experienced psychologist who grew up in differing cultures and loves her job, my method is to listen and explore with kindness and compassion so you can address the cause and maintenance of your problem, for without a good assessment the treatment can be wrong. Original and current unhelpful coping is identified and better ways to evaluate and problem solve are found. Although therapy can be difficult, I try to make it as fun as possible!
(03) 4828 7523 View (03) 4828 7523
Shannon Everest
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Benowa, QLD 4217
Hi, my name is Shannon. I am a general and relationships counsellor based on the Gold Coast. As a general counsellor I work with stress, anxiety, sleep, lifestyle, grief/trauma, relationships, parenting and women’s health. I am a Gottman trained Couples Counsellor. I work with women in the specific areas of trauma, pregnancy/postnatal, infertility, IVF, low self-worth/esteem, grief/loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, termination/medical termination and pregnancy's with challenges. The focus of counselling is on strengths-based therapy, trauma-informed and person-centred therapy, providing a compassionate and understanding environment.
Hi, my name is Shannon. I am a general and relationships counsellor based on the Gold Coast. As a general counsellor I work with stress, anxiety, sleep, lifestyle, grief/trauma, relationships, parenting and women’s health. I am a Gottman trained Couples Counsellor. I work with women in the specific areas of trauma, pregnancy/postnatal, infertility, IVF, low self-worth/esteem, grief/loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, termination/medical termination and pregnancy's with challenges. The focus of counselling is on strengths-based therapy, trauma-informed and person-centred therapy, providing a compassionate and understanding environment.
(03) 6351 9861 View (03) 6351 9861
Andrea Perla Olano Rabines
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Andrea works from a person-centred and humanistic framework, informed by her psychoanalytic background, recognising that each person's experiences, strengths, and needs are unique. She believes that meaningful change begins with feeling genuinely understood. By fostering self-awareness Andrea supports clients to become active agents in their own wellbeing, creating lasting change.
Andrea works from a person-centred and humanistic framework, informed by her psychoanalytic background, recognising that each person's experiences, strengths, and needs are unique. She believes that meaningful change begins with feeling genuinely understood. By fostering self-awareness Andrea supports clients to become active agents in their own wellbeing, creating lasting change.
(03) 5608 7923 View (03) 5608 7923
Bonnie Ray
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Surfers Paradise, QLD 4217
Bonnie works with adults seeking a thoughtful, calm and structured psychologist to support anxiety, stress, overthinking, low mood, life transitions, self-esteem, emotional regulation, burnout, perfectionism, neurodivergence-related challenges or recurring relational patterns. Many clients want more than surface-level support — they want privacy, clarity and a deeper understanding of what keeps them stuck. Bonnie offers evidence-informed therapy grounded in careful formulation, collaboration and neurodiversity-affirming care.
Bonnie works with adults seeking a thoughtful, calm and structured psychologist to support anxiety, stress, overthinking, low mood, life transitions, self-esteem, emotional regulation, burnout, perfectionism, neurodivergence-related challenges or recurring relational patterns. Many clients want more than surface-level support — they want privacy, clarity and a deeper understanding of what keeps them stuck. Bonnie offers evidence-informed therapy grounded in careful formulation, collaboration and neurodiversity-affirming care.
(08) 6800 3067 View (08) 6800 3067
Dr Lucas Ford
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Bundall, QLD 4217
Lucas is an experienced clinical psychologist offering in-person (Gold Coast) and Australia-wide telehealth appointments for a wide range of presentations, including: Anxiety disorders (GAD, social, panic) PTSD and trauma-related conditions disorders ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (assessment, diagnosis, and support) Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar affective disorder) Obsessive compulsive disorder Personality disorders and complex mental health Substance use and addiction Disordered eating (e.g., binge eating, bulimia) Interpersonal difficulties/grief and loss
Lucas is an experienced clinical psychologist offering in-person (Gold Coast) and Australia-wide telehealth appointments for a wide range of presentations, including: Anxiety disorders (GAD, social, panic) PTSD and trauma-related conditions disorders ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (assessment, diagnosis, and support) Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar affective disorder) Obsessive compulsive disorder Personality disorders and complex mental health Substance use and addiction Disordered eating (e.g., binge eating, bulimia) Interpersonal difficulties/grief and loss
(08) 6834 7386 View (08) 6834 7386
Karen Holmes
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
I have been practising as a therapist for 20 years, both overseas and in Australia. I specialise in working with clients who are struggling with relationships - these can be romantic, family or work. Singles or couples. I am also a certified Gottman couples therapist and an experienced fertility counsellor. Working in this area requires expert knowledge and skill, so it is a good idea to choose a therapist who is suitably trained in relationship dynamics. I can provide evidence-based techniques to help you improve and make decisions about the relationships in your life.
I have been practising as a therapist for 20 years, both overseas and in Australia. I specialise in working with clients who are struggling with relationships - these can be romantic, family or work. Singles or couples. I am also a certified Gottman couples therapist and an experienced fertility counsellor. Working in this area requires expert knowledge and skill, so it is a good idea to choose a therapist who is suitably trained in relationship dynamics. I can provide evidence-based techniques to help you improve and make decisions about the relationships in your life.
(07) 5391 4271 View (07) 5391 4271

See more therapy options for 4217

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 4217

90+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in 4217 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
85% Depression
76% Self Esteem
71% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Relationship Issues
55% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% NDIS
69% Medicare Rebates
55% Bupa

How Therapists in 4217 see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
23% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 4217?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.