Photo of Rachel Maree Joll - Shaking Up Perspective Counselling AU, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Shaking Up Perspective Counselling AU
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Online Only
A conversational relational and transforming counselling experience. At Shaking Up Perspective Counselling, I help people take control of their life and improve their mental wellbeing. Whether that be through in-person, or online therapy, in a supportive group or individual setting, I provide a genuinely empathetic and authentic space to help you through every challenge. Begin a transformative journey towards self-discovery, personal growth and mental wellbeing with my tailored individual counselling and therapy sessions.
A conversational relational and transforming counselling experience. At Shaking Up Perspective Counselling, I help people take control of their life and improve their mental wellbeing. Whether that be through in-person, or online therapy, in a supportive group or individual setting, I provide a genuinely empathetic and authentic space to help you through every challenge. Begin a transformative journey towards self-discovery, personal growth and mental wellbeing with my tailored individual counselling and therapy sessions.
(03) 5609 5727 View (03) 5609 5727
Photo of Melissa Jones - Healthy Stems Therapy, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Healthy Stems Therapy
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Online Only
At Healthy Stems Therapy, we provide online counselling and art therapy to help you regain strength, overcome struggles, and repair relationships with others. We pride ourselves on being down to earth, validating, safe, supportive, and flexible to meet your needs. Feel free to call us to discuss your concerns or inquire how we can help you. Our opening hours allow for flexibility to suit your lifestyle and needs.
At Healthy Stems Therapy, we provide online counselling and art therapy to help you regain strength, overcome struggles, and repair relationships with others. We pride ourselves on being down to earth, validating, safe, supportive, and flexible to meet your needs. Feel free to call us to discuss your concerns or inquire how we can help you. Our opening hours allow for flexibility to suit your lifestyle and needs.
(03) 5906 7930 View (03) 5906 7930
Photo of Holly Hudson, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Holly Hudson
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Clyde, VIC 3978
Are you planning a wedding only to discover anxiety is overcoming you? When facing life's pivotal moments such as a wedding or other significant life changes, your ideal outcome is clear: a future adorned with cherished memories and a stronger, more resilient you. You seek guidance and support through these transformations; your desire is to create lasting memories while addressing relationship dynamics and people-pleasing tendencies. You’re lookin support to turn challenges into opportunities for self-discovery and development, finding solutions to relationship issues and mastering the art of setting healthy boundaries.
Are you planning a wedding only to discover anxiety is overcoming you? When facing life's pivotal moments such as a wedding or other significant life changes, your ideal outcome is clear: a future adorned with cherished memories and a stronger, more resilient you. You seek guidance and support through these transformations; your desire is to create lasting memories while addressing relationship dynamics and people-pleasing tendencies. You’re lookin support to turn challenges into opportunities for self-discovery and development, finding solutions to relationship issues and mastering the art of setting healthy boundaries.
(03) 7500 5779 View (03) 7500 5779
Photo of Donna Niemi-Barrett, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Donna Niemi-Barrett
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Clyde, VIC 3978
Donna is a registered psychologist (clinical registrar) who is passionate about enhancing and supporting the well-being and resiliency of her clients, with a focus on building a strong therapeutic relationship. She provides a warm, non-judgemental approach tailored to suit young people and adults who are experiencing a range of challenges and mental health issues. Donna utilises a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches. The appropriate modality is chosen in a collaborative manner based on the client's specific needs and case formulation.
Donna is a registered psychologist (clinical registrar) who is passionate about enhancing and supporting the well-being and resiliency of her clients, with a focus on building a strong therapeutic relationship. She provides a warm, non-judgemental approach tailored to suit young people and adults who are experiencing a range of challenges and mental health issues. Donna utilises a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches. The appropriate modality is chosen in a collaborative manner based on the client's specific needs and case formulation.
(03) 8771 5139 View (03) 8771 5139
Photo of Saabira Wazeer, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Saabira Wazeer
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Online Only
Struggling with emotional eating and feeling stuck in the cycle? I get it. As a registered dietitian and counselor, I help women like you break free from binge eating, body image stress, and the overwhelm of everyday life. My approach is practical, kind, and rooted in understanding the emotional side of eating. Together, we’ll uncover what’s driving your habits and build strategies that work in your real life—so you can finally feel more in control, confident, and balanced.
Struggling with emotional eating and feeling stuck in the cycle? I get it. As a registered dietitian and counselor, I help women like you break free from binge eating, body image stress, and the overwhelm of everyday life. My approach is practical, kind, and rooted in understanding the emotional side of eating. Together, we’ll uncover what’s driving your habits and build strategies that work in your real life—so you can finally feel more in control, confident, and balanced.
(03) 8771 5271 View (03) 8771 5271
Nyasha Chidamahiya
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Imagine a counseling experience where you are truly heard, understood, and supported in exploring your inner strengths & values.
Imagine a counseling experience where you are truly heard, understood, and supported in exploring your inner strengths & values.
(03) 5909 9306 View (03) 5909 9306
Photo of Karthika Neduveli, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Karthika Neduveli
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clyde, VIC 3978
I am have been a Counselling Practitioner since 2005. I am accredited as a ACA Level 4 member. I have masters degree in counselling and social work. My counselling experiences has helped me, develop a practice that is person-centered, collaborative and culturally attuned approach, with the sole focus on mental health and well being. In order to personalize therapy to individual needs, I use multimodal techniques to deliver interventions. I provide therapeutic interventions to manage overall impact of stress, anxiety, depression and trauma.
I am have been a Counselling Practitioner since 2005. I am accredited as a ACA Level 4 member. I have masters degree in counselling and social work. My counselling experiences has helped me, develop a practice that is person-centered, collaborative and culturally attuned approach, with the sole focus on mental health and well being. In order to personalize therapy to individual needs, I use multimodal techniques to deliver interventions. I provide therapeutic interventions to manage overall impact of stress, anxiety, depression and trauma.
0401 693 393 View 0401 693 393
Photo of Dr Jen Emslie, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Jen Emslie
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Clyde North, VIC 3978
Hi, I'm Dr. Jen, an experienced clinical psychologist specializing in trauma recovery and helping adults overcome life's challenges to achieve lasting well-being and personal growth. If you’re navigating the complexities of modern life—whether it's the impact of trauma, anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship struggles—Emslie Psychology is here to support you. My approach is tailored to the unique demands of goal-oriented individuals, professionals, and those seeking deeper fulfillment in their personal and professional lives.
Hi, I'm Dr. Jen, an experienced clinical psychologist specializing in trauma recovery and helping adults overcome life's challenges to achieve lasting well-being and personal growth. If you’re navigating the complexities of modern life—whether it's the impact of trauma, anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship struggles—Emslie Psychology is here to support you. My approach is tailored to the unique demands of goal-oriented individuals, professionals, and those seeking deeper fulfillment in their personal and professional lives.
(03) 8771 4923 View (03) 8771 4923
Photo of Winnie Lau - Bayside Counselling & Consultation (Glen Waverley), MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Bayside Counselling & Consultation (Glen Waverley)
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde, VIC 3978
Bayside Counselling and Consultation provides psychological support to private and government organisations through Employment Assistance Programs. Our team includes Psychologists and Mental Health Social Worker experienced in the provision of work-based mediation, critical incident debriefing, trauma-focused therapy, the effects of substance abuse in the workplace, anger management, and increasing work attendance and satisfaction. Private counselling is also available in our practice.
Bayside Counselling and Consultation provides psychological support to private and government organisations through Employment Assistance Programs. Our team includes Psychologists and Mental Health Social Worker experienced in the provision of work-based mediation, critical incident debriefing, trauma-focused therapy, the effects of substance abuse in the workplace, anger management, and increasing work attendance and satisfaction. Private counselling is also available in our practice.
(03) 9034 6183 View (03) 9034 6183
Photo of Janis Ritchie, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Janis Ritchie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Clyde, VIC 3978
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey.
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey.
(03) 8771 5207 View (03) 8771 5207
Photo of Nav Sohal, AASW, Counsellor
Nav Sohal
Counsellor, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde North, VIC 3978
If you are looking for caring, safe and confidential support you are in the right place! I’m Nav. I’m Accredited Social Worker/ Counsellor and very passionate to work with people who are experiencing challenges in their life. I have over 15 years of experience with adults and teenagers, who have experienced mental health issues, family violence, relationship, trauma related issues, childhood trauma, anger management, PTSD, anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem, BPD, grief and loss, parenting, workplace issues leading to trauma, and struggles in life.
If you are looking for caring, safe and confidential support you are in the right place! I’m Nav. I’m Accredited Social Worker/ Counsellor and very passionate to work with people who are experiencing challenges in their life. I have over 15 years of experience with adults and teenagers, who have experienced mental health issues, family violence, relationship, trauma related issues, childhood trauma, anger management, PTSD, anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem, BPD, grief and loss, parenting, workplace issues leading to trauma, and struggles in life.
(03) 5905 9797 View (03) 5905 9797
Photo of Gorica Boskovski - Mindspace Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Mindspace Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Clyde North, VIC 3978
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
(03) 9788 6802 View (03) 9788 6802
Photo of Geordy Sebastian, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Geordy Sebastian
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Clyde North, VIC 3978
Clinical Psychologist currently working in both private practice and Victorian public mental health. I provide individual sessions with people who experience psychological distress to bring about positive change in how they feel and function, in a highly individualized and professional way. My areas of interests include anxieties and phobias, panic disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-esteem, adjustment to life changes, anger management, stress and trauma. My therapeutic approach is anchoring on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) incorporates other evidence-based approaches such as ACT, DBT and Mindfulness.
Clinical Psychologist currently working in both private practice and Victorian public mental health. I provide individual sessions with people who experience psychological distress to bring about positive change in how they feel and function, in a highly individualized and professional way. My areas of interests include anxieties and phobias, panic disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-esteem, adjustment to life changes, anger management, stress and trauma. My therapeutic approach is anchoring on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) incorporates other evidence-based approaches such as ACT, DBT and Mindfulness.
(03) 7500 5802 View (03) 7500 5802
Photo of Julie Anne Sykes, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Julie Anne Sykes
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Clyde North, VIC 3978
At wholistic counselling services, we are committed to supporting individuals through their healing and personal growth journey.
At wholistic counselling services, we are committed to supporting individuals through their healing and personal growth journey.
(03) 8797 5248 View (03) 8797 5248
Photo of Angeline May, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Angeline May
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Clyde North, VIC 3978
I practice out of The Middle Path Psychology Group in Berwick, Melbourne. I conduct assessment and treatment of several mental health conditions, including; anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, emotion dysregulation, personality disorders, and relationship difficulties. My interest and experience are treating individuals with complex trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). I am Intensively-Trained in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), a gold standard treatment for BPD Furthermore, my experience includes working with adolescents and parents utilising a DBT framework.
I practice out of The Middle Path Psychology Group in Berwick, Melbourne. I conduct assessment and treatment of several mental health conditions, including; anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, emotion dysregulation, personality disorders, and relationship difficulties. My interest and experience are treating individuals with complex trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). I am Intensively-Trained in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), a gold standard treatment for BPD Furthermore, my experience includes working with adolescents and parents utilising a DBT framework.
(03) 8771 5804 View (03) 8771 5804
Photo of Melissa Vella - Winnicott Psychology Clinic, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Winnicott Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde, VIC 3978
Learn how to manage your anxiety and depression. Our therapists will assess your symptoms, help you make sense of them in the context of your past experiences, and coach you in applying powerful skills to thinking and feeling. You can learn to feel in control of your emotions.
Learn how to manage your anxiety and depression. Our therapists will assess your symptoms, help you make sense of them in the context of your past experiences, and coach you in applying powerful skills to thinking and feeling. You can learn to feel in control of your emotions.
View
Photo of Tina Corcoran, Psychotherapist
Tina Corcoran
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde, VIC 3978
My goal as a Creative Counsellor is to assist my clients of all ages to gain a quality of life that is enriched with possibilities, and to embrace change with more confidence and mindfulness. It is my intention for you to gain a sense of worth, and to explore these feelings together one step at a time through engagement with creative experiences on offer. No artistic skills are needed to experience the positive effects Art Therapy can offer. It is centred around your own interests, and what is resonating with you in the present moment, while we discover and clarify the issues at hand in a safe and therapeutic environment.
My goal as a Creative Counsellor is to assist my clients of all ages to gain a quality of life that is enriched with possibilities, and to embrace change with more confidence and mindfulness. It is my intention for you to gain a sense of worth, and to explore these feelings together one step at a time through engagement with creative experiences on offer. No artistic skills are needed to experience the positive effects Art Therapy can offer. It is centred around your own interests, and what is resonating with you in the present moment, while we discover and clarify the issues at hand in a safe and therapeutic environment.
(03) 8657 9464 View (03) 8657 9464
Photo of Daniel Valladares, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Daniel Valladares
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde North, VIC 3978
I'm a Clinical Psychologist in Berwick, Victoria. I'm experienced in treating depression, anxiety/panic, loneliness, low self-esteem, adjustment concerns, PTSD/trauma, OCD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), self-harm and suicidal behaviours, anger/aggression, addictions, and emotion dysregulation. I also conduct Autism, Cognitive, and ADHD assessments. I aim to bring a compassionate and active nature to your therapy journey, blending evidence-based tools, clinical experience, and a warm approach, to help obtain improved psychological and emotional well-being.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist in Berwick, Victoria. I'm experienced in treating depression, anxiety/panic, loneliness, low self-esteem, adjustment concerns, PTSD/trauma, OCD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), self-harm and suicidal behaviours, anger/aggression, addictions, and emotion dysregulation. I also conduct Autism, Cognitive, and ADHD assessments. I aim to bring a compassionate and active nature to your therapy journey, blending evidence-based tools, clinical experience, and a warm approach, to help obtain improved psychological and emotional well-being.
(03) 8771 4138 View (03) 8771 4138
Photo of Anita Fiona Khalil - Veritas Art Therapy, MA, Psychotherapist
Veritas Art Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Clyde, VIC 3978
My gift and desire to help others use creative expression is what has me leaping out of bed each day. I want to help others use creative expression to explore what's going on for them, helping them delve into their inner worlds. I grew up in an intensely creative and neurodiverse family, highly attuned to the beauty of nature, music, art and words. I've always loved the opportunities these forms of expression provide to express myself, and to feel deeply—beyond words.
My gift and desire to help others use creative expression is what has me leaping out of bed each day. I want to help others use creative expression to explore what's going on for them, helping them delve into their inner worlds. I grew up in an intensely creative and neurodiverse family, highly attuned to the beauty of nature, music, art and words. I've always loved the opportunities these forms of expression provide to express myself, and to feel deeply—beyond words.
(03) 5910 5006 View (03) 5910 5006
Photo of Tahira Hassan, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Tahira Hassan
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Clyde, VIC 3978
As a culturally informed counsellor, I have lived experience of seeking others' approval and it is exhausting. Constantly overthinking and worrying about others' opinions may be signs of low self-esteem. You may be holding back so that you are not criticised. Your inner voice may sound like 'conflict is uncomfortable and it can get really awkward' or 'If I speak up I will upset someone'. It is common for many women to eventually withdraw into a shell and overtime become invisible. Sometimes it feels easier to go along with things and pretend to be agreeable rather than risk offending others. But how long can you go on like this?
As a culturally informed counsellor, I have lived experience of seeking others' approval and it is exhausting. Constantly overthinking and worrying about others' opinions may be signs of low self-esteem. You may be holding back so that you are not criticised. Your inner voice may sound like 'conflict is uncomfortable and it can get really awkward' or 'If I speak up I will upset someone'. It is common for many women to eventually withdraw into a shell and overtime become invisible. Sometimes it feels easier to go along with things and pretend to be agreeable rather than risk offending others. But how long can you go on like this?
(03) 8771 4065 View (03) 8771 4065
1

See more therapy options for 3978

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3978

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in 3978 who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
88% Self Esteem
84% Stress
80% Coping Skills
76% Relationship Issues
76% Depression
68% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Medicare Rebates
64% NDIS
55% Bupa

How Counsellors in 3978 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

87% Female
13% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3978?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.