Counselling in 3809

Photo of Anureet Kaur Sandhu, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Anureet Kaur Sandhu
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Officer, VIC 3809
If you’re neurodivergent — ADHD, autistic, or questioning — you may have spent years feeling misunderstood, “too much,” “not enough,” or exhausted from trying to function in a world that wasn’t built for your brain. I offer counselling and practical support for neurodiverse adults and families who are tired of masking, overwhelmed by expectations, or navigating life after a late diagnosis. My approach is affirming, structured, and grounded in real-world strategies that work with your nervous system — not against it.
If you’re neurodivergent — ADHD, autistic, or questioning — you may have spent years feeling misunderstood, “too much,” “not enough,” or exhausted from trying to function in a world that wasn’t built for your brain. I offer counselling and practical support for neurodiverse adults and families who are tired of masking, overwhelmed by expectations, or navigating life after a late diagnosis. My approach is affirming, structured, and grounded in real-world strategies that work with your nervous system — not against it.
(03) 5905 7077 View (03) 5905 7077
Photo of Dr Melissa Vella, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Melissa Vella
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Officer, VIC 3809
Hi there, let me guess... You are here because you used to be able to cope. You have faced a lot of things in your life, and have always managed. But you are now struggling, and you are surprised and feeling shame that you can’t tough this one out. You have compassion for others who aren’t coping and are always the strong one, the listening ear. But somehow, you see yourself as different, you are not supposed to fall apart. And certainly not now.
Hi there, let me guess... You are here because you used to be able to cope. You have faced a lot of things in your life, and have always managed. But you are now struggling, and you are surprised and feeling shame that you can’t tough this one out. You have compassion for others who aren’t coping and are always the strong one, the listening ear. But somehow, you see yourself as different, you are not supposed to fall apart. And certainly not now.
View
Photo of Jessica Louise Hall, Psychotherapist
Jessica Louise Hall
Psychotherapist
Serves Area
I am a Holistic counselor and Psychotherapist specializing in Somatic therapy. I work in a 1-1 therapeutic setting, run online workshops, and facilitate women's circles and embodied movement classes. My work is aimed at helping clients unravel disempowering beliefs, painful narratives, cultural conditioning & trauma that prevents them from living a fully expressed life. I weave together the many different healing modalities I have studied over the past ten years. (Inc studies in women’s health, yoga, embodiment, counseling, somatic therapy, and psychotherapy)
I am a Holistic counselor and Psychotherapist specializing in Somatic therapy. I work in a 1-1 therapeutic setting, run online workshops, and facilitate women's circles and embodied movement classes. My work is aimed at helping clients unravel disempowering beliefs, painful narratives, cultural conditioning & trauma that prevents them from living a fully expressed life. I weave together the many different healing modalities I have studied over the past ten years. (Inc studies in women’s health, yoga, embodiment, counseling, somatic therapy, and psychotherapy)
(03) 7003 2836 View (03) 7003 2836
Photo of Angeline May, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Angeline May
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I practice out of The Middle Path Psychology Group in Berwick, Melbourne. I conduct assessment and treatment of several mental health conditions, including; anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, emotion dysregulation, personality disorders, and relationship difficulties. My interest and experience are treating individuals with complex trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). I am Intensively-Trained in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), a gold standard treatment for BPD Furthermore, my experience includes working with adolescents and parents utilising a DBT framework.
I practice out of The Middle Path Psychology Group in Berwick, Melbourne. I conduct assessment and treatment of several mental health conditions, including; anxiety, depression, trauma, grief/loss, emotion dysregulation, personality disorders, and relationship difficulties. My interest and experience are treating individuals with complex trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). I am Intensively-Trained in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), a gold standard treatment for BPD Furthermore, my experience includes working with adolescents and parents utilising a DBT framework.
(03) 8771 5804 View (03) 8771 5804
Photo of Trudy Cahill, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Trudy Cahill
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I help people experiencing emotional distress, trauma or grief, or striving to create a nurturing home amid complex family dynamics. You may feel overwhelmed, uncertain and longing for relief. You need to reduce distress, improve communication, build confidence, resilience and stronger relationships. You want practical strategies, gentle insights and compassionate guidance that honours your experience and empowers you to find balance, hope and meaning. We work at your pace. You may also be supporting loved ones with autism or ADHD; together we tailor routines and coping tools to reclaim wellbeing and connection.
I help people experiencing emotional distress, trauma or grief, or striving to create a nurturing home amid complex family dynamics. You may feel overwhelmed, uncertain and longing for relief. You need to reduce distress, improve communication, build confidence, resilience and stronger relationships. You want practical strategies, gentle insights and compassionate guidance that honours your experience and empowers you to find balance, hope and meaning. We work at your pace. You may also be supporting loved ones with autism or ADHD; together we tailor routines and coping tools to reclaim wellbeing and connection.
(03) 8771 5552 View (03) 8771 5552
Photo of Daniel Valladares, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Daniel Valladares
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I'm a Clinical Psychologist in Berwick, Victoria. I'm experienced in treating depression, anxiety/panic, loneliness, low self-esteem, adjustment concerns, PTSD/trauma, OCD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), self-harm and suicidal behaviours, anger/aggression, addictions, and emotion dysregulation. I also conduct Autism, Cognitive, Non-Verbal Cognitive, and ADHD assessments. I aim to bring a compassionate and active nature to your therapy journey, blending evidence-based tools, clinical experience, and a warm approach, to help obtain improved psychological and emotional well-being.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist in Berwick, Victoria. I'm experienced in treating depression, anxiety/panic, loneliness, low self-esteem, adjustment concerns, PTSD/trauma, OCD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), self-harm and suicidal behaviours, anger/aggression, addictions, and emotion dysregulation. I also conduct Autism, Cognitive, Non-Verbal Cognitive, and ADHD assessments. I aim to bring a compassionate and active nature to your therapy journey, blending evidence-based tools, clinical experience, and a warm approach, to help obtain improved psychological and emotional well-being.
(03) 8771 4138 View (03) 8771 4138
Photo of Julie Anne Sykes, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Julie Anne Sykes
Counsellor, ACA-L2
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
At wholistic counselling services, we are committed to supporting individuals through their healing and personal growth journey.
At wholistic counselling services, we are committed to supporting individuals through their healing and personal growth journey.
(03) 8797 5248 View (03) 8797 5248
Photo of Sali Shayia - Cramli Psychological and Behavioural Services, MA
Cramli Psychological and Behavioural Services
Verified Verified
Serves Area
At Cramli Psychological and Behavioural Services (CPBS) we offer therapeutic and evidence based interventions specifically for parents, children, teenagers, adults and their families, where emotional, behavioural and developmental concerns are present. CPBS focuses on providing strategies to assist with reducing symptoms of mental health, increasing emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and building an understanding of their triggers and early warning signs.
At Cramli Psychological and Behavioural Services (CPBS) we offer therapeutic and evidence based interventions specifically for parents, children, teenagers, adults and their families, where emotional, behavioural and developmental concerns are present. CPBS focuses on providing strategies to assist with reducing symptoms of mental health, increasing emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and building an understanding of their triggers and early warning signs.
(03) 5726 4706 View (03) 5726 4706
Photo of Janis Ritchie, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Janis Ritchie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is paramount to effective therapy, and I approach therapy in an empathetic way with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel free to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, personalised to best suit each individual client. I am open and upfront with my clients and aim to walk beside them on their journey. Note that I run a waitlist, but if you can't wait, we have several skilled clinicians at The May Clinic with immediate availability.
(03) 8771 5207 View (03) 8771 5207
Photo of Shamim Ahmadi, Counsellor, MC, ACA-L3
Shamim Ahmadi
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L3
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
“Walking alongside you toward resilience and hope.” Life can feel overwhelming at times. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, past trauma, grief, or relationship challenges. Perhaps you’re feeling stuck in old patterns, weighed down by cultural expectations, or uncertain about your next steps. What you want most is a safe, understanding space where you can explore your feelings without judgment, make sense of your experiences, and begin to move forward with greater clarity and strength. You want to feel lighter, more connected, and able to live in line with what truly matters to you.
“Walking alongside you toward resilience and hope.” Life can feel overwhelming at times. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, past trauma, grief, or relationship challenges. Perhaps you’re feeling stuck in old patterns, weighed down by cultural expectations, or uncertain about your next steps. What you want most is a safe, understanding space where you can explore your feelings without judgment, make sense of your experiences, and begin to move forward with greater clarity and strength. You want to feel lighter, more connected, and able to live in line with what truly matters to you.
(03) 8771 4850 View (03) 8771 4850
Photo of Edita Manak, Psychologist, MPsych
Edita Manak
Psychologist, MPsych
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Edita has a special interest in supporting young people experiencing a range of difficulties, ranging from trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, bullying to explosive behaviour. Edita works from a neurodiversity affirming framework recognizing the importance of valuing differences in how our brains work. Edita recognizes that early support from a therapist can lead to long lasting changes in child’s life. Edita is passionate about helping children (and their families) achieve their best in terms of mental health and emotional well-being, and also creating supportive social networks. She feels strong about building positive partners
Edita has a special interest in supporting young people experiencing a range of difficulties, ranging from trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, bullying to explosive behaviour. Edita works from a neurodiversity affirming framework recognizing the importance of valuing differences in how our brains work. Edita recognizes that early support from a therapist can lead to long lasting changes in child’s life. Edita is passionate about helping children (and their families) achieve their best in terms of mental health and emotional well-being, and also creating supportive social networks. She feels strong about building positive partners
(08) 8514 9930 View (08) 8514 9930
Photo of Gorica Boskovski - Mindspace Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Mindspace Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
At Mindspace Psychology we provide a range of therapies and assessments depending on your individual needs for children, adolescents, couples and adults. These sessions are usually 50mins in length. At your first appointment, a thorough assessment is conducted with your treating Psychologist, to allow the development of the best treatment plan. Treatment options will be discussed during the initial appointment and these will form the basis for future sessions. Our Psychologists are able to provide therapy to clients experiencing a number of difficulties using a warm and empathetic approach to help them reach their full potential.
(03) 9788 6802 View (03) 9788 6802
Photo of Rowan Johnston, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Rowan Johnston
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work using a supportive therapy style. I use a range of evidence-based practices with my clients. I have had extensive experience in diagnosing and treating individuals with a wide range of mental health problems. I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is important in effective therapy, and approach therapy with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel safe to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, best suited to each individual client.
I work using a supportive therapy style. I use a range of evidence-based practices with my clients. I have had extensive experience in diagnosing and treating individuals with a wide range of mental health problems. I believe that therapy begins by learning about and understanding each individual client. I believe that the client-therapist relationship is important in effective therapy, and approach therapy with this in mind. I work hard to ensure my clients feel safe to talk openly about their problems without judgement. I use evidence-based approaches, best suited to each individual client.
(03) 8771 4672 View (03) 8771 4672
Photo of Ashley Macklin, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Ashley Macklin
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Serves Area
I am an engaging and non-judgemental counsellor with experience in helping clients build skills to cope with anxiety, depression, addiction, and more. I am particularly interested in working with people navigating non-traditional relationships (polyamory, open relationships, kink/fetish, etc.), as well as relationship and intimacy issues. I am experienced with non-monogamy and I am in my final year of studying a degree in psychosexual therapy to become a certified sex therapist. I have helped clients through teaching skills to handle their problems or by giving them space to vent.
I am an engaging and non-judgemental counsellor with experience in helping clients build skills to cope with anxiety, depression, addiction, and more. I am particularly interested in working with people navigating non-traditional relationships (polyamory, open relationships, kink/fetish, etc.), as well as relationship and intimacy issues. I am experienced with non-monogamy and I am in my final year of studying a degree in psychosexual therapy to become a certified sex therapist. I have helped clients through teaching skills to handle their problems or by giving them space to vent.
(02) 4504 0326 View (02) 4504 0326
Photo of Mike Cahill, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Mike Cahill
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Serves Area
Life can get a bit overwhelming—whether it’s anxiety, addiction, grief, family dramas, parenting stress, or the ups and downs of neurodiversity and big life changes. I offer a down-to-earth, supportive space where you can talk things through at your own pace. Together we’ll look at what’s going on, build resilience, and find practical ways forward that actually work for you. I draw on both my training and my own lived experience, bringing empathy, honesty and the occasional laugh—because sometimes it helps not to take ourselves too seriously.
Life can get a bit overwhelming—whether it’s anxiety, addiction, grief, family dramas, parenting stress, or the ups and downs of neurodiversity and big life changes. I offer a down-to-earth, supportive space where you can talk things through at your own pace. Together we’ll look at what’s going on, build resilience, and find practical ways forward that actually work for you. I draw on both my training and my own lived experience, bringing empathy, honesty and the occasional laugh—because sometimes it helps not to take ourselves too seriously.
(03) 8771 4295 View (03) 8771 4295
Photo of John Cuturilo, Counsellor, ACA-L1
John Cuturilo
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Serves Area
John Cuturilo is the counsellor of Your Listener Counselling. He works with clients remotely across Australia, in his offices, and via in-person visit in his catchment area in Melbourne. He works with a broad range of clients from diverse cultures and backgrounds, with a range of complex needs, and specialises in trauma, relational matters, healthy habits, and men's and seniors' mental health.
John Cuturilo is the counsellor of Your Listener Counselling. He works with clients remotely across Australia, in his offices, and via in-person visit in his catchment area in Melbourne. He works with a broad range of clients from diverse cultures and backgrounds, with a range of complex needs, and specialises in trauma, relational matters, healthy habits, and men's and seniors' mental health.
(03) 8771 4221 View (03) 8771 4221
Photo of Christina David, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Christina David
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
Compassionate, kind & competent Counsellor to individuals, & couples of all ages and stages of life. I specialise in CBT & EMDR which are evidence- based gold standard therapies. I provide therapy to clients who experience complex trauma, relationship issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, divorce, autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, stress, sleep issues, addiction and other mental health problems. I also provide psych education & anger management training to court mandated clients & CaLD clients such as international students & asylum seekers who may face personal/ legal setbacks when assimilating into Australian society.
Compassionate, kind & competent Counsellor to individuals, & couples of all ages and stages of life. I specialise in CBT & EMDR which are evidence- based gold standard therapies. I provide therapy to clients who experience complex trauma, relationship issues, sexual abuse, domestic violence, divorce, autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, stress, sleep issues, addiction and other mental health problems. I also provide psych education & anger management training to court mandated clients & CaLD clients such as international students & asylum seekers who may face personal/ legal setbacks when assimilating into Australian society.
(03) 8771 5535 View (03) 8771 5535
Photo of Dominic James Lawrenson - Dom Lawrenson Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Dom Lawrenson Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L4
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Dom. I’ve been working as a counsellor in private practice since 2018, supporting individuals and couples through the more confusing parts of life. I try to bring a calm, steady presence to sessions — along with a bit of dry humour where it helps — because sometimes things feel heavy, and it’s okay to breathe a little while talking about them. I’m a registered member of the Australian Counselling Association (ACA) and an accredited supervisor, and committed to ongoing learning so I can offer thoughtful, ethical, and effective support — without making it clinical or intimidating.
Hi, I’m Dom. I’ve been working as a counsellor in private practice since 2018, supporting individuals and couples through the more confusing parts of life. I try to bring a calm, steady presence to sessions — along with a bit of dry humour where it helps — because sometimes things feel heavy, and it’s okay to breathe a little while talking about them. I’m a registered member of the Australian Counselling Association (ACA) and an accredited supervisor, and committed to ongoing learning so I can offer thoughtful, ethical, and effective support — without making it clinical or intimidating.
(03) 8771 5788 View (03) 8771 5788
Photo of Asha Padisetti - Mindful Counselling Australia, Psychotherapist, ACA-L3
Mindful Counselling Australia
Psychotherapist, ACA-L3
Serves Area
Life can be challenging at times. When we are faced with challenges we may feel alone, 'stuck', confused or feel that our well-being is being compromised. I work with children, adolescents and adults struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, grief , loss or trauma, or are experiencing domestic violence. At the same juncture, you may want some help overcoming anxiety when faced with a job interview or an exam. By working within the therapy framework, clients learn to understand themselves better and see what is needed to become empowered in their own lives.
Life can be challenging at times. When we are faced with challenges we may feel alone, 'stuck', confused or feel that our well-being is being compromised. I work with children, adolescents and adults struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, grief , loss or trauma, or are experiencing domestic violence. At the same juncture, you may want some help overcoming anxiety when faced with a job interview or an exam. By working within the therapy framework, clients learn to understand themselves better and see what is needed to become empowered in their own lives.
(03) 5911 3014 View (03) 5911 3014
Nyasha Chidamahiya
Social Worker, AASW
Online Only
Imagine a counseling experience where you are truly heard, understood, and supported in exploring your inner strengths & values.
Imagine a counseling experience where you are truly heard, understood, and supported in exploring your inner strengths & values.
(03) 5909 9306 View (03) 5909 9306

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 3809

20+

Average cost per session

$155

Therapists in 3809 who prioritize treating:

76% Anxiety
76% Stress
72% Depression
68% Trauma and PTSD
64% Self Esteem
60% Relationship Issues
60% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% NDIS
44% Bupa
44% AHM Health

How Therapists in 3809 see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3809?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.