Counselling in 3181

Photo of Dr Brett Quayle - Strong Psychology & ADHD Assessments, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Strong Psychology & ADHD Assessments
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Prahran, VIC 3181
Immediate Saturday availability for Adult ADHD Assessments in Prahran. I help high-performing professionals move from 'burnout' to clinical clarity with specialist diagnostic reporting. My ideal clients at Strong Psychology are those tired of treating symptoms like anxiety or procrastination without understanding the underlying engine. Whether navigating a late-diagnosis or 'analytical burnout,' my approach provides the insight needed to move forward. We help you transition from a cycle of exhaustion to a place of agency and focus.
Immediate Saturday availability for Adult ADHD Assessments in Prahran. I help high-performing professionals move from 'burnout' to clinical clarity with specialist diagnostic reporting. My ideal clients at Strong Psychology are those tired of treating symptoms like anxiety or procrastination without understanding the underlying engine. Whether navigating a late-diagnosis or 'analytical burnout,' my approach provides the insight needed to move forward. We help you transition from a cycle of exhaustion to a place of agency and focus.
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Photo of Jayson Rom, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Jayson Rom
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Prahran, VIC 3181
Jayson is a psychologist with 19 years of experience working with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples and groups within a range of settings (drug and alcohol, forensic, the LGBTQIA+ community, mental health, sexual health, NDIS, and private practice settings). He has a particular focus on addressing mental health, relationship issues, addiction, trauma and concerns impacting persons from the LGBTQIA+ community.
Jayson is a psychologist with 19 years of experience working with individuals (adolescents and adults), couples and groups within a range of settings (drug and alcohol, forensic, the LGBTQIA+ community, mental health, sexual health, NDIS, and private practice settings). He has a particular focus on addressing mental health, relationship issues, addiction, trauma and concerns impacting persons from the LGBTQIA+ community.
(03) 9068 5653 View (03) 9068 5653
Photo of Delusha Jayawardena, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Delusha Jayawardena
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Windsor, VIC 3181
Hi, I’m Delusha and I’m a registered psychologist currently working in private practice at MVS Psychology in Prahran and Gemstone Psychology via Telehealth I like to take a holistic approach to mental health and wellbeing and I’m passionate about using EMDR therapy you overcome trauma, achieve mental freedom, and reach your fullest potential together.
Hi, I’m Delusha and I’m a registered psychologist currently working in private practice at MVS Psychology in Prahran and Gemstone Psychology via Telehealth I like to take a holistic approach to mental health and wellbeing and I’m passionate about using EMDR therapy you overcome trauma, achieve mental freedom, and reach your fullest potential together.
0491 300 827 View 0491 300 827
Photo of Meredith Kate Bowden, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Meredith Kate Bowden
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Prahran, VIC 3181
I help women navigate the transition through menopause and perimenopause. This is a time of great change - physical, cognitive, psychological and emotional - and women can feel stuck, lost and out of control. At the same time, they are dealing with other "midlife" issues, like parenting hormonal teenagers, coming to terms with empty nests, caring for aging parents, changes in intimate relationships, declining health, and working out what (if anything) they want to do with their careers. Menopause is "a time between stories" and we need to make sure the next story is meaningful and joyful.
I help women navigate the transition through menopause and perimenopause. This is a time of great change - physical, cognitive, psychological and emotional - and women can feel stuck, lost and out of control. At the same time, they are dealing with other "midlife" issues, like parenting hormonal teenagers, coming to terms with empty nests, caring for aging parents, changes in intimate relationships, declining health, and working out what (if anything) they want to do with their careers. Menopause is "a time between stories" and we need to make sure the next story is meaningful and joyful.
0438 667 792 View 0438 667 792
Photo of Luvena Susanto, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Luvena Susanto
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Prahran, VIC 3181
Hi, I'm Luvena Susanto. I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience in private practice and public health. I love working with people who are struggling with depression, anxiety, anger, attachment trauma, and interpersonal conflict. Often, the challenges we face are shaped not only by present circumstances, but also by past experiences, unconscious processes, and the ways we have come to relate to ourselves and others. I believe that psychotherapy can give you the space to understand yourself better, to experiment with new ways of relating, and to choose to do things differently.
Hi, I'm Luvena Susanto. I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience in private practice and public health. I love working with people who are struggling with depression, anxiety, anger, attachment trauma, and interpersonal conflict. Often, the challenges we face are shaped not only by present circumstances, but also by past experiences, unconscious processes, and the ways we have come to relate to ourselves and others. I believe that psychotherapy can give you the space to understand yourself better, to experiment with new ways of relating, and to choose to do things differently.
0488 580 975 View 0488 580 975
Photo of Eleanor Bailey, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Eleanor Bailey
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Prahran, VIC 3181
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience working across both public and private settings. I work with people of all ages, with a particular interest in supporting adolescents and young adults. I work with a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), trauma, substance use and body image concerns. I believe in the importance of spending time really getting to know my clients and developing a shared understanding of their strengths and difficulties. I value integrating evidence-based approaches into therapy in a way that feels practical, flexible, and responsive to each individual.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience working across both public and private settings. I work with people of all ages, with a particular interest in supporting adolescents and young adults. I work with a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), trauma, substance use and body image concerns. I believe in the importance of spending time really getting to know my clients and developing a shared understanding of their strengths and difficulties. I value integrating evidence-based approaches into therapy in a way that feels practical, flexible, and responsive to each individual.
(03) 7042 9961 View (03) 7042 9961
Photo of Dillon Fourie, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Dillon Fourie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Prahran, VIC 3181
I’m Dillon, a psychologist who helps people make sense of the deeper patterns driving their thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. My work focuses on helping clients develop self-understanding, emotional flexibility, and lasting change — not just short-term symptom relief. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling anxious, disconnected, or worn down by trauma, addiction, or neurodivergent challenges. Over time, our work together aims to help them feel more grounded, self-aware, and confident in their ability to cope and make meaningful changes.
I’m Dillon, a psychologist who helps people make sense of the deeper patterns driving their thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. My work focuses on helping clients develop self-understanding, emotional flexibility, and lasting change — not just short-term symptom relief. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling anxious, disconnected, or worn down by trauma, addiction, or neurodivergent challenges. Over time, our work together aims to help them feel more grounded, self-aware, and confident in their ability to cope and make meaningful changes.
0424 861 994 View 0424 861 994
Photo of Kristi Mazalin, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kristi Mazalin
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Prahran, VIC 3181
You might be finding that some parts of life feel demanding or draining, especially in spaces that don’t always align with how you think, feel, and respond. You may notice feelings of worry, emotional heaviness, or self-doubt that have developed over time, often in response to being misunderstood or feeling the need to adapt yourself to fit in. You might feel worn down by high expectations, hesitant to try new things, or preoccupied with how you’re coming across to others. At times, you may feel stuck or held back by long-standing self-criticism or negative beliefs.
You might be finding that some parts of life feel demanding or draining, especially in spaces that don’t always align with how you think, feel, and respond. You may notice feelings of worry, emotional heaviness, or self-doubt that have developed over time, often in response to being misunderstood or feeling the need to adapt yourself to fit in. You might feel worn down by high expectations, hesitant to try new things, or preoccupied with how you’re coming across to others. At times, you may feel stuck or held back by long-standing self-criticism or negative beliefs.
(03) 7042 9961 View (03) 7042 9961
Photo of Megan Hale, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Megan Hale
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Windsor, VIC 3181
I work with clients who feel stuck in repeated patterns in how they relate to others. This might include noticing the same kinds of dynamics or conflicts showing up across different relationships (not just with partners). I also work with people adjusting to life following critical illness or injury. I have a particular interest in psychological adjustment following hospitalisation, including intensive care (ICU), and its impact on patients and those close to them. I am registered with the TAC. I also see people struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, grief and loss, burnout, perfectionism, and adjusting to change.
I work with clients who feel stuck in repeated patterns in how they relate to others. This might include noticing the same kinds of dynamics or conflicts showing up across different relationships (not just with partners). I also work with people adjusting to life following critical illness or injury. I have a particular interest in psychological adjustment following hospitalisation, including intensive care (ICU), and its impact on patients and those close to them. I am registered with the TAC. I also see people struggling with depression, anxiety, stress, grief and loss, burnout, perfectionism, and adjusting to change.
(03) 7003 2617 View (03) 7003 2617
Photo of Tunteeya Yamaoka, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Tunteeya Yamaoka
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Prahran, VIC 3181
I am a psychologist and couples counsellor who supports people with discovering their identity and finding a greater sense of meaning and purpose in their lives. My special area of interest includes cross-cultural identity, ADHD, OCD and relationship problems.
I am a psychologist and couples counsellor who supports people with discovering their identity and finding a greater sense of meaning and purpose in their lives. My special area of interest includes cross-cultural identity, ADHD, OCD and relationship problems.
(03) 7003 2099 View (03) 7003 2099
Photo of Charles Thermos, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Charles Thermos
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Prahran, VIC 3181
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to introduce myself. As a psychologist and director of Transformative Psychology I am committed to helping people to willingly awaken, develop and transform their lives. I tailor my approach to the unique needs, aspirations, goals and temperament of each person, recognising their individuality and helping them to create a meaningful life that is guided by their values and preferences. I offer a safe, respectful and supportive environment for this process to unfold. I value and respect each person's humanity and the variety of ways in which each person experiences their lives.
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to introduce myself. As a psychologist and director of Transformative Psychology I am committed to helping people to willingly awaken, develop and transform their lives. I tailor my approach to the unique needs, aspirations, goals and temperament of each person, recognising their individuality and helping them to create a meaningful life that is guided by their values and preferences. I offer a safe, respectful and supportive environment for this process to unfold. I value and respect each person's humanity and the variety of ways in which each person experiences their lives.
0438 055 565 View 0438 055 565
Photo of Dr Sherilene Carr, Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Dr Sherilene Carr
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Prahran, VIC 3181
I work with people who have experienced significant life-stressors and trauma, and related symptoms of depression and anxiety. My approach is to sit alongside you as you explore how these stressful life events have impacted you, your relationships with others, and your opportunities. My first priority is to develop a strong therapeutic alliance with you, grounded in respect and authenticity, to enable you to feel safe in the process. My goal is to guide and support you as you process what has happened to you and how you can move towards a future of good mental health and wellbeing.
I work with people who have experienced significant life-stressors and trauma, and related symptoms of depression and anxiety. My approach is to sit alongside you as you explore how these stressful life events have impacted you, your relationships with others, and your opportunities. My first priority is to develop a strong therapeutic alliance with you, grounded in respect and authenticity, to enable you to feel safe in the process. My goal is to guide and support you as you process what has happened to you and how you can move towards a future of good mental health and wellbeing.
(03) 9118 9021 View (03) 9118 9021
Photo of Nav Wellington, Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Nav Wellington
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Prahran, VIC 3181
Nav is a skilled and compassionate clinical psychologist with extensive experience. Nav is also a board-approved supervisor and is available to supervise psychologists, provisional psychologists and clinical registrars in a broad range of therapies. Nav is passionate about working with individual adult clients to promote their well-being, helping them to develop the tools to effectively manage challenges and build meaningful relationships with themselves and others. Nav aims to develop a rich and fulfilling therapeutic space with his clients and has a particular focus on helping his clients to create meaningful change and growth.
Nav is a skilled and compassionate clinical psychologist with extensive experience. Nav is also a board-approved supervisor and is available to supervise psychologists, provisional psychologists and clinical registrars in a broad range of therapies. Nav is passionate about working with individual adult clients to promote their well-being, helping them to develop the tools to effectively manage challenges and build meaningful relationships with themselves and others. Nav aims to develop a rich and fulfilling therapeutic space with his clients and has a particular focus on helping his clients to create meaningful change and growth.
(03) 8797 5134 View (03) 8797 5134
Photo of Alana Nahas, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Alana Nahas
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Windsor, VIC 3181
As a psychologist, I am dedicated to creating a therapeutic environment that seamlessly blends intellectual rigour with emotional warmth. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices and a deep understanding of each individual’s uniqueness. With a strong foundation in psychology, my journey has been marked by continuous learning and adaptation, utilising various modalities such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychodynamic approaches, and mindfulness-based strategies, alongside others. I cultivate safety and trust through a warm, empathetic presence, complemented by analytical skills to uncover underlying difficulties.
As a psychologist, I am dedicated to creating a therapeutic environment that seamlessly blends intellectual rigour with emotional warmth. My approach is grounded in evidence-based practices and a deep understanding of each individual’s uniqueness. With a strong foundation in psychology, my journey has been marked by continuous learning and adaptation, utilising various modalities such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychodynamic approaches, and mindfulness-based strategies, alongside others. I cultivate safety and trust through a warm, empathetic presence, complemented by analytical skills to uncover underlying difficulties.
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Charlotte Mougenot, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Charlotte Mougenot
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Prahran, VIC 3181
Charlotte is a registered psychologist trained in Clinical Psychology in France and now practicing in Australia. With international experience across Europe, Africa and Australia, she brings a culturally informed and relational lens to therapy.
Charlotte is a registered psychologist trained in Clinical Psychology in France and now practicing in Australia. With international experience across Europe, Africa and Australia, she brings a culturally informed and relational lens to therapy.
0452 110 658 View 0452 110 658
Photo of Christine Weber, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Christine Weber
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Prahran, VIC 3181
You may have come to this site because you feel stuck – because you are not moving in the direction you most want to. You may feel aspects of your life could be better, or you may be dealing with problems that feel overwhelming. These feelings may be related to your work, relationships or health, or they may be about your attitudes and feelings toward yourself. You may not know what is wrong or why you feel the way you do. Whatever the issue, I hope I am able to help.
You may have come to this site because you feel stuck – because you are not moving in the direction you most want to. You may feel aspects of your life could be better, or you may be dealing with problems that feel overwhelming. These feelings may be related to your work, relationships or health, or they may be about your attitudes and feelings toward yourself. You may not know what is wrong or why you feel the way you do. Whatever the issue, I hope I am able to help.
(03) 6120 6374 View (03) 6120 6374
Photo of Julian Nolan, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Julian Nolan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Prahran, VIC 3181
I see people with a variety of concerns, including: anxiety, depression, anger and other emotional management issues, relationship/family issues, loss, grief and trauma, challenges relating to being neurodiverse (ASD, ADHD), sex, sexuality and gender related concerns, and eating disorders.
I see people with a variety of concerns, including: anxiety, depression, anger and other emotional management issues, relationship/family issues, loss, grief and trauma, challenges relating to being neurodiverse (ASD, ADHD), sex, sexuality and gender related concerns, and eating disorders.
(03) 7003 2124 View (03) 7003 2124
Photo of Lizzie Cupper, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Lizzie Cupper
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Windsor, VIC 3181
I’m Lizzie, a psychologist and a member of the Australian Psychological Society. I collaboratively work with adults who are experiencing chronic conditions and/or disability to explore the connection between physical and mental well-being. Within this space, my interest areas are quite broad and include mood, health, trauma, and neurodivergence. Originally from a rural Victorian town, I aim to bring a jargon-free and down-to-earth approach to therapy. I continue to be passionate about learning from, and growing my understanding of, client experiences and making psychological knowledge and skills as accessible as possible.
I’m Lizzie, a psychologist and a member of the Australian Psychological Society. I collaboratively work with adults who are experiencing chronic conditions and/or disability to explore the connection between physical and mental well-being. Within this space, my interest areas are quite broad and include mood, health, trauma, and neurodivergence. Originally from a rural Victorian town, I aim to bring a jargon-free and down-to-earth approach to therapy. I continue to be passionate about learning from, and growing my understanding of, client experiences and making psychological knowledge and skills as accessible as possible.
(03) 7036 8795 View (03) 7036 8795
Photo of Jasmine Randone, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jasmine Randone
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Prahran, VIC 3181
I am a clinical psychologist who works with people struggling with a range of challenges. I understand the vulnerability that comes with engaging in therapy, therefore I aim to truly connect, to foster a safe therapeutic relationship with my clients. Safety and comfort in the therapy room are my primary goals and focus. I work collaboratively with my clients, meeting them where they're at, and continuously working alongside them to help meet their therapeutic goals. Most of my work centres around mood disorders, interpersonal difficulties, trauma, OCD, shame and self criticism, personality difficulties, low self esteem and stress.
I am a clinical psychologist who works with people struggling with a range of challenges. I understand the vulnerability that comes with engaging in therapy, therefore I aim to truly connect, to foster a safe therapeutic relationship with my clients. Safety and comfort in the therapy room are my primary goals and focus. I work collaboratively with my clients, meeting them where they're at, and continuously working alongside them to help meet their therapeutic goals. Most of my work centres around mood disorders, interpersonal difficulties, trauma, OCD, shame and self criticism, personality difficulties, low self esteem and stress.
(03) 7042 9961 View (03) 7042 9961
Photo of Jordan Love, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Jordan Love
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Prahran, VIC 3181
The two mountains represent the client and the therapist. Both face their own unique mountains to climb, with all sorts of challenges and hazards ahead. The therapist offers their guidance, not from a superior view, but from a unique angle where they may see things that the client is not able to. I love to work with a diverse range of people so as to learn together in figuring out the next steps clients might take.
The two mountains represent the client and the therapist. Both face their own unique mountains to climb, with all sorts of challenges and hazards ahead. The therapist offers their guidance, not from a superior view, but from a unique angle where they may see things that the client is not able to. I love to work with a diverse range of people so as to learn together in figuring out the next steps clients might take.
(03) 7003 2129 View (03) 7003 2129

See more therapy options for 3181

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 3181

100+

Average cost per session

$230

Therapists in 3181 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
78% Stress
76% Trauma and PTSD
46% ADHD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Medicare Rebates
49% Bupa
41% Medibank Private

How Therapists in 3181 see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
28% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3181?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.