Photo of Candice Mace, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Candice Mace
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
My counselling style is gentle and collaborative with the ability to create rapport quickly – I intend to create a safe, supportive and affirming place where the counselling work is empowering and enriching. I use a person-centred and trauma-informed cognitive behavioural approach in my work, which also includes EMDR and elements of ACT, DBT, Schema and psychodynamic therapies. I see my work as a real honour to work with people, quite often at their most vulnerable, and I really value the time I spend with my clients as we explore and collaborate on our therapy experience together.
My counselling style is gentle and collaborative with the ability to create rapport quickly – I intend to create a safe, supportive and affirming place where the counselling work is empowering and enriching. I use a person-centred and trauma-informed cognitive behavioural approach in my work, which also includes EMDR and elements of ACT, DBT, Schema and psychodynamic therapies. I see my work as a real honour to work with people, quite often at their most vulnerable, and I really value the time I spend with my clients as we explore and collaborate on our therapy experience together.
(03) 7500 5170 View (03) 7500 5170
Photo of David Wing Kwan Wu, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
David Wing Kwan Wu
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Life will go in so many different, and at times difficult, directions with seemingly very little you can do about it. I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their unique journeys through life. Your mental well-being is a delicate and dynamic balance that sometimes feels emotionally challenging. But here’s the crucial perspective shift I’d like to offer: these challenges are not signs of weakness or failure, they are a natural part of our personal evolution, much like the flow of life itself. Working as a psychologist, what I’ve learned is that individuals have incredible strengths that reside within each of us.
Life will go in so many different, and at times difficult, directions with seemingly very little you can do about it. I am dedicated to supporting individuals on their unique journeys through life. Your mental well-being is a delicate and dynamic balance that sometimes feels emotionally challenging. But here’s the crucial perspective shift I’d like to offer: these challenges are not signs of weakness or failure, they are a natural part of our personal evolution, much like the flow of life itself. Working as a psychologist, what I’ve learned is that individuals have incredible strengths that reside within each of us.
(03) 7500 5436 View (03) 7500 5436
Photo of Uyen (Winnie) Ai Pham, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Uyen (Winnie) Ai Pham
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Winnie sees clients with a broad range of presenting issues including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, family violence, sexual assaults, pain management, grief, trauma, PTSD, and is experienced working with refugees. She is able to provide counselling services in English as well as Vietnamese and works with children, youth, and adults. She has more than 12 years experience and practice, and began her psychology career as a counsellor with the Victorian Aboriginal Health Services. Winnie has knowledge and skills working with a wide range of age groups including, children, youth, adults, and the elderly.
Winnie sees clients with a broad range of presenting issues including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, family violence, sexual assaults, pain management, grief, trauma, PTSD, and is experienced working with refugees. She is able to provide counselling services in English as well as Vietnamese and works with children, youth, and adults. She has more than 12 years experience and practice, and began her psychology career as a counsellor with the Victorian Aboriginal Health Services. Winnie has knowledge and skills working with a wide range of age groups including, children, youth, adults, and the elderly.
(03) 9560 8880 View (03) 9560 8880
Photo of Geordy Sebastian, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Geordy Sebastian
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Clinical Psychologist currently working in both private practice and Victorian public mental health. I provide individual sessions with people who experience psychological distress to bring about positive change in how they feel and function, in a highly individualized and professional way. My areas of interests include anxieties and phobias, panic disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-esteem, adjustment to life changes, anger management, stress and trauma. My therapeutic approach is anchoring on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) incorporates other evidence-based approaches such as ACT, DBT and Mindfulness.
Clinical Psychologist currently working in both private practice and Victorian public mental health. I provide individual sessions with people who experience psychological distress to bring about positive change in how they feel and function, in a highly individualized and professional way. My areas of interests include anxieties and phobias, panic disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), self-esteem, adjustment to life changes, anger management, stress and trauma. My therapeutic approach is anchoring on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) incorporates other evidence-based approaches such as ACT, DBT and Mindfulness.
(03) 7500 5802 View (03) 7500 5802
Photo of Frances Caile - Access Stress Support, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Access Stress Support
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Access Stress Support provides specialist coaching, counselling and support for adults experiencing personal or work-related stress, anxiety, depression, grief, life transition challenges or burnout, (including bullying) throughout life. It might just be a niggling feeling not letting you relax easily after work, or anxiety in the mornings or evenings. It might have escalated to things like poor sleep, difficulties concentrating, fatigue, headaches or other physical ailments, significant weight changes, digestive issues, or consistent anxiety or depression. The impacts can transition with you into another job or after retirement.
Access Stress Support provides specialist coaching, counselling and support for adults experiencing personal or work-related stress, anxiety, depression, grief, life transition challenges or burnout, (including bullying) throughout life. It might just be a niggling feeling not letting you relax easily after work, or anxiety in the mornings or evenings. It might have escalated to things like poor sleep, difficulties concentrating, fatigue, headaches or other physical ailments, significant weight changes, digestive issues, or consistent anxiety or depression. The impacts can transition with you into another job or after retirement.
(03) 5907 5759 View (03) 5907 5759
Photo of Holly Hudson, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Holly Hudson
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Are you planning a wedding only to discover anxiety is overcoming you? When facing life's pivotal moments such as a wedding or other significant life changes, your ideal outcome is clear: a future adorned with cherished memories and a stronger, more resilient you. You seek guidance and support through these transformations; your desire is to create lasting memories while addressing relationship dynamics and people-pleasing tendencies. You’re lookin support to turn challenges into opportunities for self-discovery and development, finding solutions to relationship issues and mastering the art of setting healthy boundaries.
Are you planning a wedding only to discover anxiety is overcoming you? When facing life's pivotal moments such as a wedding or other significant life changes, your ideal outcome is clear: a future adorned with cherished memories and a stronger, more resilient you. You seek guidance and support through these transformations; your desire is to create lasting memories while addressing relationship dynamics and people-pleasing tendencies. You’re lookin support to turn challenges into opportunities for self-discovery and development, finding solutions to relationship issues and mastering the art of setting healthy boundaries.
(03) 7500 5779 View (03) 7500 5779
Photo of Mandy Wood, AThR, Psychotherapist
Mandy Wood
Psychotherapist, AThR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
When you feel stuck, weighed down or troubled by life experiences, expressive arts therapy can help you make sense of things and find meaning. Together we will explore different perspectives to your situation and activate your healing or growth journey. We can address issues such as anxiety and depression, perfectionism, relational patterns, grief and loss, change and transition, cross cultural experiences, parenting struggles, perinatal loss, chronic illness, inner conflicts. I work with adults and children.
When you feel stuck, weighed down or troubled by life experiences, expressive arts therapy can help you make sense of things and find meaning. Together we will explore different perspectives to your situation and activate your healing or growth journey. We can address issues such as anxiety and depression, perfectionism, relational patterns, grief and loss, change and transition, cross cultural experiences, parenting struggles, perinatal loss, chronic illness, inner conflicts. I work with adults and children.
(03) 7500 5399 View (03) 7500 5399
Photo of David Williamson - Karinya Counselling Centre, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Karinya Counselling Centre
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Karinya offers high quality professional counselling services to anyone regardless of race, gender, lifestyle, religion, or status.
Karinya offers high quality professional counselling services to anyone regardless of race, gender, lifestyle, religion, or status.
(03) 7500 5902 View (03) 7500 5902
Photo of Fiona Dundas, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Fiona Dundas
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I specialise in relationship issues, stress and anxiety. There is nothing more upsetting than when we are not feeling emotionally connected to our partner. Some people report a gradual drifting apart while others can pinpoint an event that has damaged the relationship and some are caught in a cycle of conflict, Part of being human is our need to feel safe and understood by our partner, to know they are there for us when we need them. Whatever your challenge I will support you to re-connect, repair and deepen your relationship and or deal with stress or anxiety that impacts your contentment.
Hi, I specialise in relationship issues, stress and anxiety. There is nothing more upsetting than when we are not feeling emotionally connected to our partner. Some people report a gradual drifting apart while others can pinpoint an event that has damaged the relationship and some are caught in a cycle of conflict, Part of being human is our need to feel safe and understood by our partner, to know they are there for us when we need them. Whatever your challenge I will support you to re-connect, repair and deepen your relationship and or deal with stress or anxiety that impacts your contentment.
(03) 8595 5287 View (03) 8595 5287
Photo of Heidi Glynn - GlynnMIND clinic, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
GlynnMIND clinic
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
At GlynnMIND clinic, our mission is to heal bodies and minds across all gut and mind conditions. We understand the intricate link between the brain and the gut and this is pivotal to our treatment approach. We offer a tailored Gut-Directed hypnotherapy service to individuals with IBS and IBD aimed at reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
At GlynnMIND clinic, our mission is to heal bodies and minds across all gut and mind conditions. We understand the intricate link between the brain and the gut and this is pivotal to our treatment approach. We offer a tailored Gut-Directed hypnotherapy service to individuals with IBS and IBD aimed at reducing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.
(03) 7500 5069 View (03) 7500 5069
Photo of Magdalen Ser, MSc
Magdalen Ser
EMDRAA Accredited Practitioner, MSc
Verified Verified
Not accepting new clients
Trauma affects mental and emotional processes, disrupts brain/nervous system physiology and impairs attachment/relational experiences. Looking for integrative therapies beyond traditional talk therapy for post trauma growth and resiliency? I am an UK and USA trained, Medicare -registered, trauma and attachment therapist with over 30 years of clinical experience offering mind-body integrative psychotherapy incorporating modalities such as EMDR, Neurofeedback (Neurotherapy) Internal Family Systems, Ego State Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychotherapy.
Trauma affects mental and emotional processes, disrupts brain/nervous system physiology and impairs attachment/relational experiences. Looking for integrative therapies beyond traditional talk therapy for post trauma growth and resiliency? I am an UK and USA trained, Medicare -registered, trauma and attachment therapist with over 30 years of clinical experience offering mind-body integrative psychotherapy incorporating modalities such as EMDR, Neurofeedback (Neurotherapy) Internal Family Systems, Ego State Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychotherapy.
(03) 9994 1795 View (03) 9994 1795
Photo of Roohi Ahmad - Connect with Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Connect with Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a person-centred counsellor with expertise in working with people from diverse backgrounds. I have a passion for supporting individuals and couples resolve their relationship issues and interpersonal conflicts, identify underlying issues, discover lost passion, rekindle friendship, and heal from betrayal. I will support you to navigate challenging situations so you can understand your thoughts and emotions better & work toward the outcome you want. I help couples repair after loss of intimacy through helping them build connection with compassion. I provide face-to-face and video counselling sessions after hours and on weekends.
I am a person-centred counsellor with expertise in working with people from diverse backgrounds. I have a passion for supporting individuals and couples resolve their relationship issues and interpersonal conflicts, identify underlying issues, discover lost passion, rekindle friendship, and heal from betrayal. I will support you to navigate challenging situations so you can understand your thoughts and emotions better & work toward the outcome you want. I help couples repair after loss of intimacy through helping them build connection with compassion. I provide face-to-face and video counselling sessions after hours and on weekends.
(03) 9068 5946 View (03) 9068 5946
Photo of David Williamson, ACA-L2, Counsellor
David Williamson
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
David is a registered counsellor, and he utilises a non-judgemental, empathic, person-centred approach. He aims to support clients to develop an understanding of their difficulties in a way that facilitates growth and wellbeing. He does this by providing a safe therapeutic space that focuses on the client’s holistic needs, whilst introducing new skills and resources that build upon the client’s existing strengths.
David is a registered counsellor, and he utilises a non-judgemental, empathic, person-centred approach. He aims to support clients to develop an understanding of their difficulties in a way that facilitates growth and wellbeing. He does this by providing a safe therapeutic space that focuses on the client’s holistic needs, whilst introducing new skills and resources that build upon the client’s existing strengths.
(03) 7500 5748 View (03) 7500 5748
Photo of Dr Melissa Tso, PsychD, Psychologist
Dr Melissa Tso
Psychologist, PsychD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I utilise a combination of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and Psychodynamic- and Shema-informed therapy. I can assist with mood disorders (such as anxiety and depression), adjustment issues (including cultural issues), stress management (including strategies to improve emotional regulation), interpersonal/relationship difficulties, and perinatal mental health. I can also assist with supporting family members of individuals involved with the criminal justice system to facilitate understanding of problem behaviours.
I utilise a combination of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Emotion-Focused Therapy, and Psychodynamic- and Shema-informed therapy. I can assist with mood disorders (such as anxiety and depression), adjustment issues (including cultural issues), stress management (including strategies to improve emotional regulation), interpersonal/relationship difficulties, and perinatal mental health. I can also assist with supporting family members of individuals involved with the criminal justice system to facilitate understanding of problem behaviours.
(03) 7500 5630 View (03) 7500 5630
Photo of Robert McInnes, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Robert McInnes
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
I am a clinical counsellor with 18 years experience and specializing in couples conflict and in anger management, particularly those facing criminal charges, domestic, violence or intervention orders, providing court approved certificates. I use the latest techniques in attachment theory to work through couples issues.
I am a clinical counsellor with 18 years experience and specializing in couples conflict and in anger management, particularly those facing criminal charges, domestic, violence or intervention orders, providing court approved certificates. I use the latest techniques in attachment theory to work through couples issues.
(03) 9068 5478 View (03) 9068 5478
Photo of Akriti (Aki) Shrestha, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Akriti (Aki) Shrestha
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Akriti Shrestha (Aki) is a trilingual registered General Psychologist with a Masters in Psychology (Counselling Psychology). She has had experience working in both private and public communities with families and individuals, regarding complex situations pertaining to trauma, abuse, neglect, and family violence. She has worked with individuals of all age groups- from teenagers to older adults. She has also had experience completing Intelligence tests for children and has successfully conducted parenting programs aimed at helping parents of teenagers. ​
Akriti Shrestha (Aki) is a trilingual registered General Psychologist with a Masters in Psychology (Counselling Psychology). She has had experience working in both private and public communities with families and individuals, regarding complex situations pertaining to trauma, abuse, neglect, and family violence. She has worked with individuals of all age groups- from teenagers to older adults. She has also had experience completing Intelligence tests for children and has successfully conducted parenting programs aimed at helping parents of teenagers. ​
(03) 9560 8880 View (03) 9560 8880
Photo of Bharati L Susarla - BLS Counselling, PACFA, Psychotherapist
BLS Counselling
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Hi there. Are you feeling ok? Because if you are not, no matter what the problem might be, I am here to welcome you and spend time with you to listen to what you have to say. Together we can work through your current challenges and arrive at solutions that will work best for you. You deserve to live the happy and fulfilled life you desire. Give me a call for a free consultation and we can take it from there.
Hi there. Are you feeling ok? Because if you are not, no matter what the problem might be, I am here to welcome you and spend time with you to listen to what you have to say. Together we can work through your current challenges and arrive at solutions that will work best for you. You deserve to live the happy and fulfilled life you desire. Give me a call for a free consultation and we can take it from there.
(02) 4810 0678 View (02) 4810 0678
Photo of Vivek Mohan - Let's Talk Mate, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Let's Talk Mate
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
With years of experience in private practice, corrections, and community settings, I am a skilled Forensic Counsellor, Assessor, and Psychotherapist who has worked extensively with adolescents, adults, and families. As a member of the Australian Counselling Association (ACA), my focus is on helping people who are feeling overwhelmed and stressed, struggling with anxiety or depression, dealing with drug and alcohol use, or trying to support someone with substance use issues. I recognize that these challenges can be complex and multifaceted, and I customize therapy to meet your unique needs, drawing on a range of approaches.
With years of experience in private practice, corrections, and community settings, I am a skilled Forensic Counsellor, Assessor, and Psychotherapist who has worked extensively with adolescents, adults, and families. As a member of the Australian Counselling Association (ACA), my focus is on helping people who are feeling overwhelmed and stressed, struggling with anxiety or depression, dealing with drug and alcohol use, or trying to support someone with substance use issues. I recognize that these challenges can be complex and multifaceted, and I customize therapy to meet your unique needs, drawing on a range of approaches.
(03) 7500 5670 View (03) 7500 5670
Photo of Mariane Fernando, Counsellor
Mariane Fernando
Counsellor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Not accepting new clients
I am a very capable and committed counsellor, and passionate about supporting clients to make a difference in their life through empowerment, reflection and understanding. Each person is unique and requires an individual approach in meeting his or her specific needs. You will feel connected, safe and heard in sessions with me, working collaboratively in a positive and uplifting environment. I am deeply committed to helping you overcome immediate concerns and skilled at using various therapies and techniques in a client-centred approach to provide you with the tools to grow and work towards living life to the fullest.
I am a very capable and committed counsellor, and passionate about supporting clients to make a difference in their life through empowerment, reflection and understanding. Each person is unique and requires an individual approach in meeting his or her specific needs. You will feel connected, safe and heard in sessions with me, working collaboratively in a positive and uplifting environment. I am deeply committed to helping you overcome immediate concerns and skilled at using various therapies and techniques in a client-centred approach to provide you with the tools to grow and work towards living life to the fullest.
(08) 9126 9492 View (08) 9126 9492
Photo of Elizabeth Gregory, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Elizabeth Gregory
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Liz is a Registered Psychologist who is currently completing her endorsement in Educational and Developmental Psychology. She devotes her focus to supporting and empowering clients during difficult times, helping them reach their full potential. She believes that the unique hardships and difficulties experienced by each individual contributes to their own personal growth and self-discovery.
Liz is a Registered Psychologist who is currently completing her endorsement in Educational and Developmental Psychology. She devotes her focus to supporting and empowering clients during difficult times, helping them reach their full potential. She believes that the unique hardships and difficulties experienced by each individual contributes to their own personal growth and self-discovery.
(03) 7500 5537 View (03) 7500 5537
1

See more therapy options for 3150

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3150

60+

Average cost per session

$195

Counsellors in 3150 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Self Esteem
81% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
60% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Medicare Rebates
59% Bupa
52% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3150 see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3150?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.