Counselling in 2020

Photo of Jessica Dolev, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Jessica Dolev
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Mascot, NSW 2020
Hi! I am Jess - Founder and Clinical Director of Perfectly Imperfect.  ​ I am an allistic advocate. I provide neuro-diversity affirming psychology services for autistic, ADHER's, queer, and gender-diverse people, well as those within the neurotypical community struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, family conflict to name a few.  ​ We will work on developing self-compassion and self-acceptance, self-care and healthy boundaries.
Hi! I am Jess - Founder and Clinical Director of Perfectly Imperfect.  ​ I am an allistic advocate. I provide neuro-diversity affirming psychology services for autistic, ADHER's, queer, and gender-diverse people, well as those within the neurotypical community struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, family conflict to name a few.  ​ We will work on developing self-compassion and self-acceptance, self-care and healthy boundaries.
(02) 9100 0039 View (02) 9100 0039
Photo of Sandra Garcia, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Sandra Garcia
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Mascot, NSW 2020
As you navigate significant life transitions, whether in your relationships or workplace, you may feel stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain. If your desire is to understand yourself better, reignite your passion for life or simply break free from limiting patterns and pursue personal growth, we will find you the tools to face challenges with confidence, getting you ready to foster positive change that resonates with your true self.
As you navigate significant life transitions, whether in your relationships or workplace, you may feel stuck, overwhelmed, or uncertain. If your desire is to understand yourself better, reignite your passion for life or simply break free from limiting patterns and pursue personal growth, we will find you the tools to face challenges with confidence, getting you ready to foster positive change that resonates with your true self.
0492 970 291 View 0492 970 291
Photo of Kanalli Meharg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Kanalli Meharg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Mascot, NSW 2020
Hello! I’m Kanalli, an accredited mental health social worker who has been working in the field for over 10 years. I’ve worked within hospitals, community and school settings, supporting individuals to work through mental health and wellbeing challenges and creating plans together, to make each day feel easier. I practice from a strengths based, trauma informed and neuroaffirming lens which provides space to explore challenges and work together to reduce the impact it is having on a day to day life. I support individuals within their system, be it family, relationships, school or work. Often our responses are normal responses t
Hello! I’m Kanalli, an accredited mental health social worker who has been working in the field for over 10 years. I’ve worked within hospitals, community and school settings, supporting individuals to work through mental health and wellbeing challenges and creating plans together, to make each day feel easier. I practice from a strengths based, trauma informed and neuroaffirming lens which provides space to explore challenges and work together to reduce the impact it is having on a day to day life. I support individuals within their system, be it family, relationships, school or work. Often our responses are normal responses t
(02) 9100 0638 View (02) 9100 0638
Photo of Phoebe Talbot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Phoebe Talbot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Mascot, NSW 2020
If you're feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, relationship struggles, or past trauma, you're not alone. Taking the first step toward change can be difficult, but it’s a powerful move toward healing and growth. I’m here to help you work through these challenges and explore practical strategies to improve your self-esteem, heal from past wounds, and gain clarity in your personal and professional life. If you're ready to create lasting change, build confidence, and live more authentically, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
If you're feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, relationship struggles, or past trauma, you're not alone. Taking the first step toward change can be difficult, but it’s a powerful move toward healing and growth. I’m here to help you work through these challenges and explore practical strategies to improve your self-esteem, heal from past wounds, and gain clarity in your personal and professional life. If you're ready to create lasting change, build confidence, and live more authentically, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
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Photo of Jessica Day, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Jessica Day
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Online Only
Imagine receiving the support you’ve been looking for—someone who truly listens, without judgement, who meets you where you are and doesn’t try to tell you how to live your life. Here at Endue Counselling Services, I provide a safe and supportive environment where we collaboratively identify and utilise your innate strengths, with tools that genuinely help—like coping strategies for anxiety, ways to process loss, or, if meaningful to you, gentle faith-based guidance. Together, we’ll work on finding balance and resilience, so you can face life with renewed strength and purpose.
Imagine receiving the support you’ve been looking for—someone who truly listens, without judgement, who meets you where you are and doesn’t try to tell you how to live your life. Here at Endue Counselling Services, I provide a safe and supportive environment where we collaboratively identify and utilise your innate strengths, with tools that genuinely help—like coping strategies for anxiety, ways to process loss, or, if meaningful to you, gentle faith-based guidance. Together, we’ll work on finding balance and resilience, so you can face life with renewed strength and purpose.
(02) 9100 0364 View (02) 9100 0364
Photo of Karim Arabi, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Karim Arabi
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Mascot, NSW 2020
My ideal clients are individuals ready for self-discovery and growth. They may face anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship challenges, or parenting struggles, seeking to break unhelpful patterns and build lives aligned with their values. Parents may want support in navigating their child's needs, whether neurodiverse or typical while fostering stronger connections. Clients aim to feel grounded, empowered, and resilient, seeking personal growth, improved relationships, and deeper self-understanding. Open to new perspectives, they value a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore, heal, and transform together.
My ideal clients are individuals ready for self-discovery and growth. They may face anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship challenges, or parenting struggles, seeking to break unhelpful patterns and build lives aligned with their values. Parents may want support in navigating their child's needs, whether neurodiverse or typical while fostering stronger connections. Clients aim to feel grounded, empowered, and resilient, seeking personal growth, improved relationships, and deeper self-understanding. Open to new perspectives, they value a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore, heal, and transform together.
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Photo of Grace Kouvelis, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Grace Kouvelis
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
1 Endorsed
Mascot, NSW 2020
I work with motivated adults with a range of presenting issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues (including LGBTQIA+ relationships), grief and loss, adjustment to stressful life events, and identity exploration. I have worked extensively with neurodivergence (including ADHD and autistic adults) and have experience working within a psycho-oncology context (providing psychological support to cancer patients) in both NSW health and non-for-profit organisations. I am passionate about creating a safe space for individuals to explore and unpack presenting concerns and work toward meaningful goals.
I work with motivated adults with a range of presenting issues such as anxiety, depression, relationship issues (including LGBTQIA+ relationships), grief and loss, adjustment to stressful life events, and identity exploration. I have worked extensively with neurodivergence (including ADHD and autistic adults) and have experience working within a psycho-oncology context (providing psychological support to cancer patients) in both NSW health and non-for-profit organisations. I am passionate about creating a safe space for individuals to explore and unpack presenting concerns and work toward meaningful goals.
(02) 9100 0272 View (02) 9100 0272
Photo of Shoshanah Frenkel
Shoshanah Frenkel
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi! I am Shosh. I am a neurodiversity affirming behaviour support specialist and NDIS access liason specialist, at Perfectly Imperfect. I strive to help individuals develop positive coping mechanisms and communication skills that empower to navigate the challenges they face. Using person-centred, strengths based approach to recognise individuals unique strengths and challenges and focuses on building capacity and independence.
Hi! I am Shosh. I am a neurodiversity affirming behaviour support specialist and NDIS access liason specialist, at Perfectly Imperfect. I strive to help individuals develop positive coping mechanisms and communication skills that empower to navigate the challenges they face. Using person-centred, strengths based approach to recognise individuals unique strengths and challenges and focuses on building capacity and independence.
(02) 9100 0141 View (02) 9100 0141
Photo of Felicity Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Felicity Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Mascot, NSW 2020
I've spent my counselling career in grief and loss, supporting clients through illness, bereavement, caring, and the various losses that come with major life transitions. I'm not into toxic positivity – sometimes life really is hard – but I can offer a space to laugh and cry and rage and vent, and find ways together to keep moving forward.
I've spent my counselling career in grief and loss, supporting clients through illness, bereavement, caring, and the various losses that come with major life transitions. I'm not into toxic positivity – sometimes life really is hard – but I can offer a space to laugh and cry and rage and vent, and find ways together to keep moving forward.
0422 126 557 View 0422 126 557
Photo of Sara Benjamin, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Sara Benjamin
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Mascot, NSW 2020
My passion lies in helping people navigate life’s challenges, regardless of their age. Whether I’m working with a five-year-old struggling with separation anxiety, a teen dealing with self-esteem issues, or an adult coping with stress or trauma, or life transition I approach each person with empathy, understanding, and a tailored therapeutic approach that meets them where they are. With a strong foundation in developmental psychology, I’m able to adapt my methods to fit the unique needs of clients at different life stages.
My passion lies in helping people navigate life’s challenges, regardless of their age. Whether I’m working with a five-year-old struggling with separation anxiety, a teen dealing with self-esteem issues, or an adult coping with stress or trauma, or life transition I approach each person with empathy, understanding, and a tailored therapeutic approach that meets them where they are. With a strong foundation in developmental psychology, I’m able to adapt my methods to fit the unique needs of clients at different life stages.
0404 176 586 x61 View 0404 176 586 x61
Photo of Rachel Pollard, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Rachel Pollard
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Rachel is a Psychologist at the Australian Institute for Human Wellness. Rachel has completed a Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) at the Australian Catholic University, and both a Graduate Diploma of Psychological Science and Master of Psychology (Clinical) at Bond University. Rachel’s approach to treatment is trauma informed, warm, and non-judgemental. She ensures compassionate, empathetic care, regardless of presentation or concern. Rachel enjoys working with clients across the life span, delivering both individual and group-based therapy. She has previous experience working in both education and private practice settings.
Rachel is a Psychologist at the Australian Institute for Human Wellness. Rachel has completed a Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) at the Australian Catholic University, and both a Graduate Diploma of Psychological Science and Master of Psychology (Clinical) at Bond University. Rachel’s approach to treatment is trauma informed, warm, and non-judgemental. She ensures compassionate, empathetic care, regardless of presentation or concern. Rachel enjoys working with clients across the life span, delivering both individual and group-based therapy. She has previous experience working in both education and private practice settings.
(02) 8105 5795 View (02) 8105 5795
Photo of Farnaz Ali, Psychologist, MAPS
Farnaz Ali
Psychologist, MAPS
Serves Area
Are you feeling stressed or overwhelmed? Do you want to improve your emotional well being? Mind Fitness psychology can help you to get back on track
Are you feeling stressed or overwhelmed? Do you want to improve your emotional well being? Mind Fitness psychology can help you to get back on track
(02) 8074 5862 View (02) 8074 5862
Photo of Carolina Bustos, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Carolina Bustos
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I am a warm and non-judgmental therapist, who enjoys working collaboratively with my clients. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of evidence-based techniques to facilitate goal achievements. I work reflectively and obtain feedback from my clients to ensure treatment plans make genuine sense through their time in therapy. I provide a welcoming space for my younger clients where they feel free to express their emotions and thoughts in a safe and fun manner (play therapy, artistic activities or verbal communication). Having lived in several countries, I have a broad understanding of cultural differences and human diversity.
I am a warm and non-judgmental therapist, who enjoys working collaboratively with my clients. I use a humanistic approach and a variety of evidence-based techniques to facilitate goal achievements. I work reflectively and obtain feedback from my clients to ensure treatment plans make genuine sense through their time in therapy. I provide a welcoming space for my younger clients where they feel free to express their emotions and thoughts in a safe and fun manner (play therapy, artistic activities or verbal communication). Having lived in several countries, I have a broad understanding of cultural differences and human diversity.
(03) 6164 5011 View (03) 6164 5011
Photo of Daniel Myles, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Daniel Myles
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
During my time working as a psychologist, I have found that building strong therapeutic relationships with my clients is the cornerstone of progress. ​I am trained in working with children, adolescents and adults. I take a therapeutic approach of helping my clients understand their behavioural patterns and emotional processes that influence the way they interact with the world. I believe that understanding these influences can lead to changes in behaviours that align with their goals and values and provide an overall better quality of life. ​
During my time working as a psychologist, I have found that building strong therapeutic relationships with my clients is the cornerstone of progress. ​I am trained in working with children, adolescents and adults. I take a therapeutic approach of helping my clients understand their behavioural patterns and emotional processes that influence the way they interact with the world. I believe that understanding these influences can lead to changes in behaviours that align with their goals and values and provide an overall better quality of life. ​
(02) 8000 1269 View (02) 8000 1269
Photo of Wade Eames - Next Steps Counselling and Psychotherapy , Counsellor, PACFA
Next Steps Counselling and Psychotherapy
Counsellor, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Many people I work with are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, disconnected, or burnt out. They may be dealing with trauma, addiction, relationship issues, or a general sense of having lost themselves. Some don’t know where to begin they just know things can’t keep going the way they have. Whether it's processing pain, exploring identity, or finding direction, therapy offers a space to slow down and start making sense of what’s been going on.
Many people I work with are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, disconnected, or burnt out. They may be dealing with trauma, addiction, relationship issues, or a general sense of having lost themselves. Some don’t know where to begin they just know things can’t keep going the way they have. Whether it's processing pain, exploring identity, or finding direction, therapy offers a space to slow down and start making sense of what’s been going on.
(02) 9538 7432 View (02) 9538 7432
Photo of Jane Rabie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Jane Rabie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Often children don’t have words to describe their experiences and feelings and instead reveal them through behaviours which can be misunderstood. They may get into trouble, be labelled, or disconnect. I work with children and families just like this. As a carer, reaching out for support can be the hardest step. I work closely with you and your child through Play Therapy which is relationship based therapy for children aged 3-12 years. Play is a child’s natural way of communicating and Play Therapy creates the environment where the therapist enters into a child’s world and understands the experience from their perspective.
Often children don’t have words to describe their experiences and feelings and instead reveal them through behaviours which can be misunderstood. They may get into trouble, be labelled, or disconnect. I work with children and families just like this. As a carer, reaching out for support can be the hardest step. I work closely with you and your child through Play Therapy which is relationship based therapy for children aged 3-12 years. Play is a child’s natural way of communicating and Play Therapy creates the environment where the therapist enters into a child’s world and understands the experience from their perspective.
(02) 9100 0607 View (02) 9100 0607
Photo of Wilfred Lax - Innovate Pain Clinic , Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Innovate Pain Clinic
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Pain management is our focus. If you have chronic pain, lower back pain, joint pain, fibromyalgia we may be able to help. If you have exhausted your options, we have a new, different pain model and treatment. We use neuroscience and neuroplastic theory, we also use Virtual Reality as a therapy model. Chronic pain is pain that has lasts for longer than three months or beyond the healing time of the event that caused it. We know this is because pain shifts from nociceptive (physical) pain to nociplastic (neuroplastic learned pain). This is why traditional treatments stop working, and a neuroplastic retraining of your brain is required
Pain management is our focus. If you have chronic pain, lower back pain, joint pain, fibromyalgia we may be able to help. If you have exhausted your options, we have a new, different pain model and treatment. We use neuroscience and neuroplastic theory, we also use Virtual Reality as a therapy model. Chronic pain is pain that has lasts for longer than three months or beyond the healing time of the event that caused it. We know this is because pain shifts from nociceptive (physical) pain to nociplastic (neuroplastic learned pain). This is why traditional treatments stop working, and a neuroplastic retraining of your brain is required
(02) 9100 0530 View (02) 9100 0530
Photo of Beverley Stewart - Beverley Stewart - Counselling / Psychotherapy, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Beverley Stewart - Counselling / Psychotherapy
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Serves Area
“This isn’t how I thought my life would turn out.” “This isn’t where I want to be!” When we’re feeling stuck or lost in our life circumstances, it can seem overwhelming and never ending. We feel alone. We can spend our days constantly thinking about what’s gone wrong, and our nights unable to sleep with all the worry. Each day becomes the same as the day before, There seems no end to it, no future without these dark thoughts. Making it harder is the fact that no one understands what we’re going through. No one knows how anxiety, hopelessness or dread can engulf us.
“This isn’t how I thought my life would turn out.” “This isn’t where I want to be!” When we’re feeling stuck or lost in our life circumstances, it can seem overwhelming and never ending. We feel alone. We can spend our days constantly thinking about what’s gone wrong, and our nights unable to sleep with all the worry. Each day becomes the same as the day before, There seems no end to it, no future without these dark thoughts. Making it harder is the fact that no one understands what we’re going through. No one knows how anxiety, hopelessness or dread can engulf us.
(02) 9100 0469 View (02) 9100 0469
Photo of Anastasia Hronis, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Anastasia Hronis
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Dr Anastasia Hronis (B Psych Hons, M Clin Psych, AMusA, LMusA, Ph.D) is a clinical psychologist and founder of the Australian Institute for Human Wellness. Anastasia provides individual and group therapy. Anastasia also holds the position of Honorary Associate at the University of Technology Sydney, where she provides lectures and research supervision to students in the Master of Clinical Psychology Program.
Dr Anastasia Hronis (B Psych Hons, M Clin Psych, AMusA, LMusA, Ph.D) is a clinical psychologist and founder of the Australian Institute for Human Wellness. Anastasia provides individual and group therapy. Anastasia also holds the position of Honorary Associate at the University of Technology Sydney, where she provides lectures and research supervision to students in the Master of Clinical Psychology Program.
(02) 8105 5006 View (02) 8105 5006
Photo of Eric Rangel Oliveira, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Eric Rangel Oliveira
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi there, are you experiencing difficulties staying motivated to change behaviours affecting your mental health, physical health, or social relationships? Would you like to explore what sustains these behaviour patterns and how to transform them? Would you like support to explore how to regulate your mood, manage anxiety and daily stressors, or improve your interpersonal relationships? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I would love to support you. I offer psychotherapy to people struggling with anxiety, depression, substance use, behavioural addictions, trauma-stress-related and physical health problems.
Hi there, are you experiencing difficulties staying motivated to change behaviours affecting your mental health, physical health, or social relationships? Would you like to explore what sustains these behaviour patterns and how to transform them? Would you like support to explore how to regulate your mood, manage anxiety and daily stressors, or improve your interpersonal relationships? If you answered yes to any of these questions, I would love to support you. I offer psychotherapy to people struggling with anxiety, depression, substance use, behavioural addictions, trauma-stress-related and physical health problems.
(02) 8000 1168 View (02) 8000 1168

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 2020

30+

Average cost per session

$190

Counsellors in 2020 who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
82% Depression
76% Self Esteem
67% Relationship Issues
61% Stress
58% ADHD
58% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Medicare Rebates
57% NDIS
43% Bupa

How Counsellors in 2020 see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 2020?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.