There is no question that growing up as these young men and women did was fraught with all sorts of threats to survival. I have observed and written that what has impressed me during four decades as a forensic psychologist is not so much the environment from which people come, but how they choose to deal with whatever life hands them. After my experience with these former gang members, that view was fortified further. I had the opportunity to interview two brothers. The elder was a gang member since early adolescence who cycled in and out of juvenile detention centers and prisons. The gang member spoke of "no father figure" (his was a heroin user), pressure to join the gang "so I could survive," and then the "rush" he experienced "when you hurt somebody." Asked if he knew youngsters from the neighborhood who didn't join gangs, he replied, "There was a lot of those" including his own brother who did not succumb to pressures and whatever allure there is to joining a gang. That brother told me the following:

* "I saw how my mother suffered. I'd never put my mother through that."
* "I'd say it's not me. I'm not the gang type. They'd see I wasn't giving in."
* "My brother lived it; I watched it."
* "It's a big world; there's a lot of things to see and do and experience. [In a gang], you'll cut life short."

Had this youth joined a gang, professionals in my field (psychology) as well as in psychiatry, social work, and education would have explained it away as determined by an environment of bad role models, peer pressure, and so forth. But that is not what happened. He made a set of choices as to who he wanted to be and who he did not want to be. As a result, he holds a job, owns a home, helps his mother, and assists in caring for the children of his brother.

There are thousands just like him!