Your Neurochemical Self

Getting real with a 200-million-year-old brain.

Fatherhood Makes Us Human

Dad compares quite favorably to earlier species.

A tree sends its seed into the wind without ever knowing if it grows into a mighty oak.

A fish sprays its sperm over eggs and swims on.

A reptile might hang around until his eggs hatch just to eat any hatchlings that are sub-par.

Male birds feed their young in some species, but they forget about them once they fly the coop.

Male mammals often protect the young from predators, but they put themselves first. Male lions steal food from their women and children, even in times of hunger.

Male primates play with the young, but sometimes they try to kill them. Infanticide is never far from the mind of a mother monkey or ape.

Male humans put a child's interests above their own, even as they both age. This is a huge evolutionary step. Fathers teach us to withhold the impulse to overpower. The act of fathering is the foundation of human civilization.

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On Fatherhood

Our relationship with our parents can be complicated—even rocky. But whether they're young or old, dads are just as important as moms.

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Loretta Graziano Breuning, Ph.D., is a Zoo Docent and Professor Emerita of Management at California State University, East Bay. 

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