This will be my last post for 2009 and I just wanted to take this opportunity to thank my readers and those who have sent in comments to Psychology Today and to me personally. I thought that this would be a good time to tell you about some new happenings in my field and lay the groundwork for 2010. As usual animals are in the news almost daily. Sometimes I'm surprised by what I read but since I make my living studying and writing about the amazing cognitive, emotional, and moral capacities of animals I often find myself saying something like "Isn't about time that someone reported that!" I often get emails from people saying "Wow, I didn't know that!" Every day we learn just how fascinating other animals really are.
People all over the world are interested in animals and there are social and cultural variations in their attitudes toward, and respect for, animals. Thus, I was pleased to receive a detailed report on the Origins of Attitudes Toward Animals by Jenia Meng.
Here is a list of some of Dr. Meng's important findings:
• The definitions for animal protection and vegetarianism are different in different nations.
• Prevalent stereotypes of the attitudes of some societies are incomplete andunrepresentative.
• Animal Welfare and Reverence for Animals are two fundamentally differentattitudes towards animals.
• A holistic worldview is tied to high Reverence for Animals.
• Animal Rights is a product of animal welfare and Reverence for Animals. Societies can have low levels of animal welfare but high levels of animal rights when AnimalWelfare is low but the Reverence for Animals is high.
• 'New Welfarism', a term coined by Gary L. Francione, is identified scientifically.This type of animal protection does not challenge the property status of animals and is different from Animal Rights; Integrity of animals and zoo issues are important aspects of Animal Rights but have been given limited attention in New Welfarism.
• In total the four types of animal protection explain 32.8% of the variation in the overall attitudes to animals. The degree of the different types of animal protection are:
Animal Welfare –UK> Spain, Iran, Norway, Serbia>China, Czech, Ireland, South Korea, Macedonia, Sweden;
New Welfarism –UK>Serbia>Macedonia>Spain>China, Czech, Ireland, Norway>Iran, Sweden>South Korea;
Reverence for Animals –UK>Macedonia>China, Serbia>Spain>Czech, Ireland, South Korea, Norway, Sweden>Iran;
Animal Rights –UK>Serbia>Macedonia, Spain>China, Czech, Ireland, Iran, South Korea,Norway, Sweden;
Other types of attitudes analysed were: naturalness (Genetic changes) of animals,autonomy of animals, animal experimentation, wildlife protection, spiritual power of animals.
• Respect for the autonomy of animals is identified as a positive attitude towards animals. This attitude is sometimes mistaken for the avoidance of animals.
• The attitude to animal welfare is a more consistent predictor of the attitudes to world issues among different types of animal protection at the present time.
• Females on average have more positive attitudes to animals than males.
• Overall ranking of perceived sentience is: Human Infant> apes>other mammals>birds> cold-blooded animals.
• Far East tradition, Greek tradition and many indigenous traditions have higher levels of reverence for animals than do Abrahamic religions.
• There is some evidence to suggest that people in higher levels of the social hierarchy tend to have lower reverence for animals.
• Students from nations sharing similar political ideologies, in particular those sharing communist influences, share similar overall attitudes to animals and world issues, but this association can also be explained by the similar human welfare levels in these nations.
Some good news from Australia. A Victorian court has denied the return of 173 exotic birds to their keeper after finding they had been illegally imported into the country. The result is a win for Australia's fight against illegal wildlife trade, an issue taken seriously due to the risk it places on Australia's unique flora and fauna.
And some good news from Spain. A bill to ban bullfighting in the Spanish region of Catalonia cleared its first hurdle Friday as legislators mulled a measure to reject a cultural pillar of traditional Spain.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hoSaaIUwsevwg2RB34sY8mHh7tNAD9CLP7CO0 If approved, Catalonia would become the second Spanish region to ban bullfighting. The Canary Islands, off Morocco's coast, did so in 1991
We all know that elephants are amazing beings, smart, highly social, and extremely emotional. I was pleased to read recently that People for the Ethical Treatment of animals is taking on Ringling Brothers Circus for mistreating baby elephants, A former elephant handler with Ringling Brothers, the late Sammy Haddock, is quoted as saying "Toward the end of my career . . . I stopped telling people what I did for a living. I was ashamed."
There's also some very bad news right here in the American west. Wolves are being slaughtered in Montana and this wanton killing can put them in peril, once again. "According to Doug Smith, the coordinator of the reintroduction efforts and leader of the Yellowstone Wolf Project that studies and manages the wolves, 'The good times are over,' Smith says. His annual census of the park's wolf population is expected to be the lowest in 10 years, he said. Smith is still gathering data but says the number of gray wolves in the park will be 116, a 33% drop from 2003, when the population was at an all-time high of 174."
Government workers routinely kill wolves and other predators by the tens of thousands, and some believe that Wildlife Services who are responsible for these slaughters should be renamed the "Wildlife Execution Squad." As Jean Williams notes, "The mission of the Wildlife Service as stated on their web site is "To provide federal leadership and expertise to resolve wildlife conflicts and create a balance that allows humans and wildlife to coexist peacefully. … Unfortunately, the alarming statistics of millions of birds and animals that have literally been exterminated by the service clearly indicates little in the way of managing wildlife to 'peacefully coexist' with people. Rather, it indicates the free-falling and indiscriminate slaughter of any segment of wildlife that draws a complaint to the Service."
