Carlos do Amaral Freire, a Brazilian linguist, easily translates 60 languages, including Chinese, Portuguese and Sanskrit.
Is he a genius? A freak of nature? Surprisingly, Freire probably isn't much different from your average bilingual. Known in linguistic circles as hyperpolyglots, people who speak 10, 30 or even 70 languages must work as hard as the rest of us. Freire has been studying nonstop for 40 years. With the same effort and resources, "we're all potential hyperpolyglots," says Eva Fernandez, a linguist at the City University of New York.
Another shocker: Sky-high IQ isn't a prerequisite for extreme multilingualism. In fact, polyglots probably don't have a "gift," but a variety of personality traits and life circumstances that favor language-learning, Fernandez says. These include access to foreign tongues, unflagging interest and the willingness to take linguistic risks.
However, all that effort may cause the changes in the brain. In 2003, German neuroscientists examined the postmortem brain of Emil Krebs, an interpreter who understood 100 languages and learned Armenian in nine weeks. They found that the area of Krebs' brain that governed speech did not have the same asymmetry as most monolingual speakers. Skilled musicians have also been known to have unusual brain wiring in auditory areas. What neuroscientists don't know is whether language-learning changes the brain—which studies show is likely—or whether some people are born with this quality.
